folding, which result in higher activity. CCDs are problematic
to express in bacteria cells as they tend to be insoluble.
5. Incubation can be done the first time at 28
C for 4 h.
Although longer incubation times at lower temperature
improve the final result. Dark conditions prevent possible
photodegradation of carotenoids.
6. Several strategies have been made for efficient production of
proteins in E. coli, like the coproduction of chaperones to help
correct protein folding. The cotransformation of E. coli cells
with the plasmid pGro7, encoding the groES-groEL-chaperone system, could improve protein folding and further enzyme
activity.
References
1. Schwartz SH, Tan BC, Gage DA, Zeevaart JA,
McCarty DR (1997) Specific oxidative cleavage
of carotenoids by VP14 of maize. Science 276
(5320):1872–1874
2. Akiyama K, Matsuzaki K, Hayashi H (2005)
Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching
in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435
(7043):824–827.. nature03608. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature03608
3. Umehara M, Hanada A, Yoshida S, Akiyama K,
Arite T, Takeda-Kamiya N, Magome H,
Kamiya Y, Shirasu K, Yoneyama K, Kyozuka J,
Yamaguchi S (2008) Inhibition of shoot
branching by new terpenoid plant hormones.
Nature 455(7210):195–200.. nature07272.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07272
4. Van Norman JM, Sieburth LE (2007) Dissecting the biosynthetic pathway for the bypass1
root-derived signal. Plant J 49(4):619–628.
TPJ2982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365313X.2006.02982.x
5. Van Norman JM, Zhang J, Cazzonelli CI, Pogson BJ, Harrison PJ, Bugg TD, Chan KX,
Thompson AJ, Benfey PN (2014) Periodic
root branching in Arabidopsis requires synthesis of an uncharacterized carotenoid derivative.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(13):
E1300–E1309.
https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.14030161111403016111. [pii]
6. Avendano-Vazquez AO, Cordoba E, Llamas E,
San Roman C, Nisar N, De la Torre S, RamosVega M, Gutierrez-Nava MD, Cazzonelli CI,
Pogson BJ, Leon P (2014) An uncharacterized
Apocarotenoid-derived signal generated in
zeta-carotene Desaturase mutants regulates
leaf development and the expression of chloroplast and nuclear genes in Arabidopsis. Plant
Cell 26(6):2524–2537.. tpc.114.123349.
https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.123349
7. Havaux M (2014) Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants. Plant J 79
(4):597–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.
12386
8. Saeed W, Naseem S, Ali Z (2017) Strigolactones biosynthesis and their role in abiotic
stress resilience in plants: a critical review.
Front Plant Sci 8:1487. https://doi.org/10.
3389/fpls.2017.01487
9. Macias FA, Lopez A, Varela RM, Torres A,
Molinillo JM (2004) Bioactive apocarotenoids
annuionones F and G: structural revision of
annuionones a, B and E. Phytochemistry 65
(22):3057–3063.. S0031-9422(04)00429-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.
08.048
10. Yoneyama K, Awad AA, Xie X, Takeuchi Y
(2010) Strigolactones as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants. Plant Cell Physiol
51(7):1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1093/
pcp/pcq055pcq055. [pii]
11. Caceres LA, Lakshminarayan S, Yeung KK,
McGarvey BD, Hannoufa A, Sumarah MW,
Benitez X, Scott IM (2016) Repellent and
attractive effects of alpha-, beta-, and Dihydro-beta- ionone to generalist and specialist
herbivores. J Chem Ecol 42(2):107–117.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0669z10.1007/s10886-016-0669-z. [pii]
12. Wei S, Hannoufa A, Soroka J, Xu N, Li X,
Zebarjadi A, Gruber M (2011) Enhanced
beta-ionone emission in Arabidopsis overexpressing AtCCD1 reduces feeding damage
in vivo by the crucifer flea beetle. Environ
Entomol 40(6):1622–1630. https://doi.org/
10.1603/EN11088
13. Park S, Takano Y, Matsuura H, Yoshihara T
(2004) Antifungal compounds from the root
Determination of In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Plant Carotenoid. . .
71
to express in bacteria cells as they tend to be insoluble.
5. Incubation can be done the first time at 28
C for 4 h.
Although longer incubation times at lower temperature
improve the final result. Dark conditions prevent possible
photodegradation of carotenoids.
6. Several strategies have been made for efficient production of
proteins in E. coli, like the coproduction of chaperones to help
correct protein folding. The cotransformation of E. coli cells
with the plasmid pGro7, encoding the groES-groEL-chaperone system, could improve protein folding and further enzyme
activity.
References
1. Schwartz SH, Tan BC, Gage DA, Zeevaart JA,
McCarty DR (1997) Specific oxidative cleavage
of carotenoids by VP14 of maize. Science 276
(5320):1872–1874
2. Akiyama K, Matsuzaki K, Hayashi H (2005)
Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching
in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435
(7043):824–827.. nature03608. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature03608
3. Umehara M, Hanada A, Yoshida S, Akiyama K,
Arite T, Takeda-Kamiya N, Magome H,
Kamiya Y, Shirasu K, Yoneyama K, Kyozuka J,
Yamaguchi S (2008) Inhibition of shoot
branching by new terpenoid plant hormones.
Nature 455(7210):195–200.. nature07272.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07272
4. Van Norman JM, Sieburth LE (2007) Dissecting the biosynthetic pathway for the bypass1
root-derived signal. Plant J 49(4):619–628.
TPJ2982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365313X.2006.02982.x
5. Van Norman JM, Zhang J, Cazzonelli CI, Pogson BJ, Harrison PJ, Bugg TD, Chan KX,
Thompson AJ, Benfey PN (2014) Periodic
root branching in Arabidopsis requires synthesis of an uncharacterized carotenoid derivative.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(13):
E1300–E1309.
https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.14030161111403016111. [pii]
6. Avendano-Vazquez AO, Cordoba E, Llamas E,
San Roman C, Nisar N, De la Torre S, RamosVega M, Gutierrez-Nava MD, Cazzonelli CI,
Pogson BJ, Leon P (2014) An uncharacterized
Apocarotenoid-derived signal generated in
zeta-carotene Desaturase mutants regulates
leaf development and the expression of chloroplast and nuclear genes in Arabidopsis. Plant
Cell 26(6):2524–2537.. tpc.114.123349.
https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.123349
7. Havaux M (2014) Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants. Plant J 79
(4):597–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.
12386
8. Saeed W, Naseem S, Ali Z (2017) Strigolactones biosynthesis and their role in abiotic
stress resilience in plants: a critical review.
Front Plant Sci 8:1487. https://doi.org/10.
3389/fpls.2017.01487
9. Macias FA, Lopez A, Varela RM, Torres A,
Molinillo JM (2004) Bioactive apocarotenoids
annuionones F and G: structural revision of
annuionones a, B and E. Phytochemistry 65
(22):3057–3063.. S0031-9422(04)00429-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.
08.048
10. Yoneyama K, Awad AA, Xie X, Takeuchi Y
(2010) Strigolactones as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants. Plant Cell Physiol
51(7):1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1093/
pcp/pcq055pcq055. [pii]
11. Caceres LA, Lakshminarayan S, Yeung KK,
McGarvey BD, Hannoufa A, Sumarah MW,
Benitez X, Scott IM (2016) Repellent and
attractive effects of alpha-, beta-, and Dihydro-beta- ionone to generalist and specialist
herbivores. J Chem Ecol 42(2):107–117.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0669z10.1007/s10886-016-0669-z. [pii]
12. Wei S, Hannoufa A, Soroka J, Xu N, Li X,
Zebarjadi A, Gruber M (2011) Enhanced
beta-ionone emission in Arabidopsis overexpressing AtCCD1 reduces feeding damage
in vivo by the crucifer flea beetle. Environ
Entomol 40(6):1622–1630. https://doi.org/
10.1603/EN11088
13. Park S, Takano Y, Matsuura H, Yoshihara T
(2004) Antifungal compounds from the root
Determination of In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Plant Carotenoid. . .
71