Characterization Techniques in Nanotechnology …
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wear. The former involves material removal by abrasive particles that are held fixed
while being moved across a surface. In the case of the latter, abrasive particles
are embedded between two surfaces that may rotate and slide as they get in touch
with the wearing surface. Some of the existing tests for abrasive wear measurement include but not limited to, pin-on-disk wear test, pin-on-drum abrasive wear
test, repeated impact wear test, and taber test (Gobind and Parshad 2015). Abrasive wear measurement can be grouped into four categories namely (a) mass loss
measurement which includes weight difference between original specimen and specimen after wear exposure, (b) linear measurement which includes one-dimensional
changes in the geometry of interacting tribo-elements perpendicular to their common
contact area, (c) area measurement which includes two-dimensional changes of cross
sections of interacting tribo-elements perpendicular to their common contact area,
and (d) volume measurement of wear which includes three-dimensional changes of
geometric regions of interacting tribo-elements adjacent to their common contact
area (Ruff1992). Other common wear parameters in use include, wear-time ratio
(i.e., wear velocity), wear rate (i.e., wear volume per unit of sliding distance), and
wear coefficient, which is expressed in the following equation:
K =
W
F × S
(15)
where W wear volume (in m
3 ), F is the applied load (in N), and S is the sliding
distance (in m).
Abrasive wear measurement has been used to quantify surface resistance to plastic
deformation especially when such a surface is modified with nanomaterials (Ali et al.
2016; Gualco et al. 2016; Asafa et al. 2020a, b). Figure 31 shows that the wear surface
of nanostructured iron-based alloy deposited by flux cored arc welding process with
(a) and without (b, c) Ar-20%CO 2 shielding did not present plastic deformation on
the surface. The direction of the abrasive force and the subsequent cracks and brittle
fractures are observed. Samples deposited without gas shielding (b, c) show large
surface deformation. In Fig. 31d, the influence of AgNPs on the surface resistance
of modified paint is obvious and that within the range of concentration of AgNPs
considered, 0.175 wt% gave minimum weight loss and maximum number of cycles
to scratch 9.31 g of painted surface.
3.2 Electrical Characterization
One of the major application areas of nanotechnology and a driving force
for nanoscience is the semiconductor industry which is an important industry
when building integrated electronic systems utilized in applications ranging from
computers, cell phones, digital cameras, electronic instrumentation for medical diagnostics among others. With the ever-increasing miniaturization of semiconductor
57
wear. The former involves material removal by abrasive particles that are held fixed
while being moved across a surface. In the case of the latter, abrasive particles
are embedded between two surfaces that may rotate and slide as they get in touch
with the wearing surface. Some of the existing tests for abrasive wear measurement include but not limited to, pin-on-disk wear test, pin-on-drum abrasive wear
test, repeated impact wear test, and taber test (Gobind and Parshad 2015). Abrasive wear measurement can be grouped into four categories namely (a) mass loss
measurement which includes weight difference between original specimen and specimen after wear exposure, (b) linear measurement which includes one-dimensional
changes in the geometry of interacting tribo-elements perpendicular to their common
contact area, (c) area measurement which includes two-dimensional changes of cross
sections of interacting tribo-elements perpendicular to their common contact area,
and (d) volume measurement of wear which includes three-dimensional changes of
geometric regions of interacting tribo-elements adjacent to their common contact
area (Ruff1992). Other common wear parameters in use include, wear-time ratio
(i.e., wear velocity), wear rate (i.e., wear volume per unit of sliding distance), and
wear coefficient, which is expressed in the following equation:
K =
W
F × S
(15)
where W wear volume (in m
3 ), F is the applied load (in N), and S is the sliding
distance (in m).
Abrasive wear measurement has been used to quantify surface resistance to plastic
deformation especially when such a surface is modified with nanomaterials (Ali et al.
2016; Gualco et al. 2016; Asafa et al. 2020a, b). Figure 31 shows that the wear surface
of nanostructured iron-based alloy deposited by flux cored arc welding process with
(a) and without (b, c) Ar-20%CO 2 shielding did not present plastic deformation on
the surface. The direction of the abrasive force and the subsequent cracks and brittle
fractures are observed. Samples deposited without gas shielding (b, c) show large
surface deformation. In Fig. 31d, the influence of AgNPs on the surface resistance
of modified paint is obvious and that within the range of concentration of AgNPs
considered, 0.175 wt% gave minimum weight loss and maximum number of cycles
to scratch 9.31 g of painted surface.
3.2 Electrical Characterization
One of the major application areas of nanotechnology and a driving force
for nanoscience is the semiconductor industry which is an important industry
when building integrated electronic systems utilized in applications ranging from
computers, cell phones, digital cameras, electronic instrumentation for medical diagnostics among others. With the ever-increasing miniaturization of semiconductor