Application of Microbial-Synthesized Nanoparticles …
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the internal and external plastic packaging, serving as electronic tongue or noses,
e.g., showing in situ information generated by food temperature and humidity, as
well as degradation products, spoilage, or microbial contamination by color changes
(Bouwmeester et al. 2009). Among main commercially biosensor, the company Toxin
Alert (Ontario, Canada) developed the Toxin Guard™, a system based on antibody–
antigen insertion in the packaging that reacts with some microorganisms (parasites
such as Cyclospora, bacteria as Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, and many other),
changing its color or shape, indicating the concern. Additionally, the SIRA Technologies (Pasadena, CA-USA) established the Food Sentinel System®, a technology
focused on immunochemical method with defined antibody added to a membrane
coupled to a specific commercial universal product code bar system, such that when
in contact with some microorganisms like Escherichia coli 0157:57H7, Salmonella
ssp., or Listeria monocytogenes, it forms a specific dark smudge in the bar code,
enabling to verify the presence of the pathogen (Lee and Mijanur Rahman 2013).
Additionally, the full temperature monitoring of the product since its manufacturing and transport until storage is pivotal for the total quality control of the sold
product. Within this context, the time-temperature indicators (TTIS) are introduced
as an interested key to obtain information of the real situation of the material. TTIS
are classified in three types: (i) abuse indicators (specific temperature register), (ii)
partial temperature history indicators (this point is registered just if the temperature
overloads a defined limit), and (ii) full temperature history indicators (register of
temperature along all product time) (Sharma et al. 2017).
A variety of materials can be applied in smart packaging, by using different indicators. For example, TiO 2 can be used to photosensitize the reduction of methylene
blue (MB) under UV exposure that changes color when in contact with O 2 (Lee
et al. 2002). Moreover, due to the volatile amine released by the spoiled food, the
polyaniline film presents visible color changes (Kuswandi et al. 2012). Additionally, a
system by using humidity as indicator was developed by applying a color nanocrystalline cellulose film able to interact with the electromagnetic field that changes
color according to the moisture (Zhou 2013). However, there are a vast amount of
material in literature that can be applied such: Xanthine and hypoxanthine chemical indicator; TiO 2 -coated oriented-polypropylene; carbon nanotubes; absorbent
pads containing Ag nanoparticles (NPs); xanthine amperometric sensor; Ag montmorillonite NPs; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with ZnO NPs, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films loaded with Ag and ZnO NPs or with Ag and ZnO; cellulose
Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs); carbon nanotubes with allyl isothiocyanate and cellulose; low-density polyethylene with AgNPs; ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) with
AgNPs; pullulan with AgNPs polyethylene with Ag, TiO 2 ; nanoclays with matrix of
polyamide; sodium alginate with CaCl 2 and AgNPs; isotactic polypropylene (iPP)
with CaCO 3 nanofiller; polyethylene with Ag and TiO 2 NPs and others (Sharma
et al. 2017). Regarding the consumer safety by possible packaging compounds mitigations to the food, all materials need to be studied and take into account according
to their maximum limit absorption by humans (Silvestre et al. 2011). According to
Fuertes et al. (2016), there are many companies with commercial technology for (i)
time and temperature indicators such as Pymah Corp, Timestrip Plc, Colour-Therm,
415
the internal and external plastic packaging, serving as electronic tongue or noses,
e.g., showing in situ information generated by food temperature and humidity, as
well as degradation products, spoilage, or microbial contamination by color changes
(Bouwmeester et al. 2009). Among main commercially biosensor, the company Toxin
Alert (Ontario, Canada) developed the Toxin Guard™, a system based on antibody–
antigen insertion in the packaging that reacts with some microorganisms (parasites
such as Cyclospora, bacteria as Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, and many other),
changing its color or shape, indicating the concern. Additionally, the SIRA Technologies (Pasadena, CA-USA) established the Food Sentinel System®, a technology
focused on immunochemical method with defined antibody added to a membrane
coupled to a specific commercial universal product code bar system, such that when
in contact with some microorganisms like Escherichia coli 0157:57H7, Salmonella
ssp., or Listeria monocytogenes, it forms a specific dark smudge in the bar code,
enabling to verify the presence of the pathogen (Lee and Mijanur Rahman 2013).
Additionally, the full temperature monitoring of the product since its manufacturing and transport until storage is pivotal for the total quality control of the sold
product. Within this context, the time-temperature indicators (TTIS) are introduced
as an interested key to obtain information of the real situation of the material. TTIS
are classified in three types: (i) abuse indicators (specific temperature register), (ii)
partial temperature history indicators (this point is registered just if the temperature
overloads a defined limit), and (ii) full temperature history indicators (register of
temperature along all product time) (Sharma et al. 2017).
A variety of materials can be applied in smart packaging, by using different indicators. For example, TiO 2 can be used to photosensitize the reduction of methylene
blue (MB) under UV exposure that changes color when in contact with O 2 (Lee
et al. 2002). Moreover, due to the volatile amine released by the spoiled food, the
polyaniline film presents visible color changes (Kuswandi et al. 2012). Additionally, a
system by using humidity as indicator was developed by applying a color nanocrystalline cellulose film able to interact with the electromagnetic field that changes
color according to the moisture (Zhou 2013). However, there are a vast amount of
material in literature that can be applied such: Xanthine and hypoxanthine chemical indicator; TiO 2 -coated oriented-polypropylene; carbon nanotubes; absorbent
pads containing Ag nanoparticles (NPs); xanthine amperometric sensor; Ag montmorillonite NPs; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with ZnO NPs, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films loaded with Ag and ZnO NPs or with Ag and ZnO; cellulose
Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs); carbon nanotubes with allyl isothiocyanate and cellulose; low-density polyethylene with AgNPs; ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) with
AgNPs; pullulan with AgNPs polyethylene with Ag, TiO 2 ; nanoclays with matrix of
polyamide; sodium alginate with CaCl 2 and AgNPs; isotactic polypropylene (iPP)
with CaCO 3 nanofiller; polyethylene with Ag and TiO 2 NPs and others (Sharma
et al. 2017). Regarding the consumer safety by possible packaging compounds mitigations to the food, all materials need to be studied and take into account according
to their maximum limit absorption by humans (Silvestre et al. 2011). According to
Fuertes et al. (2016), there are many companies with commercial technology for (i)
time and temperature indicators such as Pymah Corp, Timestrip Plc, Colour-Therm,