Mushroom Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Developments and Potentials
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6 Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
Several factors that could affect mushroom extract-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles have been reported. Some of these factors include temperature, concentration of
the raw materials, pressure, the alkalinity or acidity of the solution, time, magnitude
of the particle, size of the pore, environment and accumulation of the mushroom
extracts among others (Baker et al. 2013). Though biosynthesis of nanoparticles
using mushroom extracts is a biological method of synthesis considered to be safer,
biocompatible, ecological-friendly, cost-effective and widely acceptable, the conditions of synthesis such as exposure to light intensity, duration of exposure, pH of the
reactants and concentration of the precursor may largely influence the shape, size
and activity of the synthesized nanoparticles as found in other studies (Mudunkotuwa
et al. 2013; Narayanan et al. 2015).
6.1 Influence of PH
The pH of the reacting medium is a very important parameter to be considered
during biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The pH value of the medium influences the
size and the consistency of the synthesized nanoparticles (Gardea-Torresdey et al.
1999; Armendariz et al. 2004). Soni and Prakash (2011) opined that varying the pH
value of the solution would affect the size and shape of the specific compounded
nanoparticles. However, various extracts from different type of mushrooms have
different pH values; hence, full consideration should be given to pH values during
nanoparticles fabrication. Several researchers had revealed that bigger nanoparticles
sizes are built at lower pH value in contrast to higher pH value (Dubey et al. 2010).
6.2 Effect of Temperature
Temperature remains one of the key factors that affect nanoparticles synthesis using
biological methods. The biological methods of nanoparticles synthesis require less
temperatures below 100 °C or ambient temperature when contrasted with the physical
and chemical methods. However, sequel to the utmost temperature (>350 °C) required
by the physical method and the fewer than 350 °C temperature required by the
chemical methods, nanoparticles setting will be unbeatable by temperature of the
medium of reaction (Rai et al. 2006). Andreescu et al. (2007) showed the formation of
silver nanoparticles at higher temperatures. An increase in temperature in mushroom
extracts can lead to an increase in sharpness of absorption peaks of nanoparticles. The
increase in temperature may trigger the rate of reaction, which enhances the synthesis
of nanoparticles. The sharpness of the absorbance peaks relies on the magnitude of the
compounded nanoparticles with superior temperature (Fayaz et al. 2009; Shaligram
et al. 2009).
271
6 Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
Several factors that could affect mushroom extract-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles have been reported. Some of these factors include temperature, concentration of
the raw materials, pressure, the alkalinity or acidity of the solution, time, magnitude
of the particle, size of the pore, environment and accumulation of the mushroom
extracts among others (Baker et al. 2013). Though biosynthesis of nanoparticles
using mushroom extracts is a biological method of synthesis considered to be safer,
biocompatible, ecological-friendly, cost-effective and widely acceptable, the conditions of synthesis such as exposure to light intensity, duration of exposure, pH of the
reactants and concentration of the precursor may largely influence the shape, size
and activity of the synthesized nanoparticles as found in other studies (Mudunkotuwa
et al. 2013; Narayanan et al. 2015).
6.1 Influence of PH
The pH of the reacting medium is a very important parameter to be considered
during biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The pH value of the medium influences the
size and the consistency of the synthesized nanoparticles (Gardea-Torresdey et al.
1999; Armendariz et al. 2004). Soni and Prakash (2011) opined that varying the pH
value of the solution would affect the size and shape of the specific compounded
nanoparticles. However, various extracts from different type of mushrooms have
different pH values; hence, full consideration should be given to pH values during
nanoparticles fabrication. Several researchers had revealed that bigger nanoparticles
sizes are built at lower pH value in contrast to higher pH value (Dubey et al. 2010).
6.2 Effect of Temperature
Temperature remains one of the key factors that affect nanoparticles synthesis using
biological methods. The biological methods of nanoparticles synthesis require less
temperatures below 100 °C or ambient temperature when contrasted with the physical
and chemical methods. However, sequel to the utmost temperature (>350 °C) required
by the physical method and the fewer than 350 °C temperature required by the
chemical methods, nanoparticles setting will be unbeatable by temperature of the
medium of reaction (Rai et al. 2006). Andreescu et al. (2007) showed the formation of
silver nanoparticles at higher temperatures. An increase in temperature in mushroom
extracts can lead to an increase in sharpness of absorption peaks of nanoparticles. The
increase in temperature may trigger the rate of reaction, which enhances the synthesis
of nanoparticles. The sharpness of the absorbance peaks relies on the magnitude of the
compounded nanoparticles with superior temperature (Fayaz et al. 2009; Shaligram
et al. 2009).