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E. A. Adebayo et al.
4 Biosynthesis of Novel Metal Nanoparticles by Mushrooms
Mushroom mycelia and fruiting bodies contain various essential amino acids,
proteins and polysaccharides that can be utilized for producing nanoparticles of
iron, silver, selenium, gold and others either intracellularly or extracellularly (Owaid
et al. 2017c). Nanoparticles of silver are produced from silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) as
reported in several studies (Paul et al. 2015). Of all oyster mushroom-mediated
nanoparticles, 66% are reportedly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), while 25% are of
gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and zinc oxide (ZnONPs). Only 9% are of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdSNPs) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (Paul et al. 2015). The remaining 9% approximately are made up
of non-metal nanoparticles (Paul et al. 2015). The biological synthesis of mushroom nanoparticles is stable, environmental-friendly and not toxic. Interestingly,
the knowledge of synthesizing nanoparticles from mushroom is increasing daily
(Shivashankar et al. 2013; Moghaddam et al. 2015).
4.1 Mushroom-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
and Their Applications
Extracts of edible mushrooms have been found useful in the production of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs). Generally, the mechanism of synthesizing AgNPs is not fully
understood; however, some studies have provided some explanations in this front as
presented in Fig. 1. Extracts of mushrooms are usually added to aqueous solution
of 10
−3 M AgNO 3 to form a reaction mixture that is immediately accompanied by
shades of colour changes culminating in reddish brown colour to produce AgNPs. The
process of nanoparticles formation may take place at ambient temperature or aided by
other conditions such as sonication, photocatalysis, placement in the dark cupboard
among others. Different sizes and shapes of mushroom-mediated AgNPs have been
reported with major applications in biomedical fields. Spherical AgNPs from Pleurotus florida were reportedly effective against bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis,
Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus and P. alcalifaciens (Bhat et al. 2011).
Irregularly shaped AgNPs of A. bisporus, Calocybe indica, P. florida and P. platypus
were effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas putida (Sujatha et al. 2013). Synthesized AgNPs of Pleurotus giganteus were spherical crystals of 2–20 nm size with minimum inhibitory
concentration of 10–15 μg/ml against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa.
More so, a particular study revealed the P. giganteus-mediated silver nanoparticles
exhibiting a concentration-dependent α-Amylase inhibition (Debnath et al. 2019).
Ganoderma has been extensively studied with great applications as anticancer,
antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumour, hypocholesterolemic, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-HIV and antiproliferative among several other activities. According to Mohanta et al. (2018), common species like G. capense,
E. A. Adebayo et al.
4 Biosynthesis of Novel Metal Nanoparticles by Mushrooms
Mushroom mycelia and fruiting bodies contain various essential amino acids,
proteins and polysaccharides that can be utilized for producing nanoparticles of
iron, silver, selenium, gold and others either intracellularly or extracellularly (Owaid
et al. 2017c). Nanoparticles of silver are produced from silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) as
reported in several studies (Paul et al. 2015). Of all oyster mushroom-mediated
nanoparticles, 66% are reportedly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), while 25% are of
gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and zinc oxide (ZnONPs). Only 9% are of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdSNPs) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (Paul et al. 2015). The remaining 9% approximately are made up
of non-metal nanoparticles (Paul et al. 2015). The biological synthesis of mushroom nanoparticles is stable, environmental-friendly and not toxic. Interestingly,
the knowledge of synthesizing nanoparticles from mushroom is increasing daily
(Shivashankar et al. 2013; Moghaddam et al. 2015).
4.1 Mushroom-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
and Their Applications
Extracts of edible mushrooms have been found useful in the production of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs). Generally, the mechanism of synthesizing AgNPs is not fully
understood; however, some studies have provided some explanations in this front as
presented in Fig. 1. Extracts of mushrooms are usually added to aqueous solution
of 10
−3 M AgNO 3 to form a reaction mixture that is immediately accompanied by
shades of colour changes culminating in reddish brown colour to produce AgNPs. The
process of nanoparticles formation may take place at ambient temperature or aided by
other conditions such as sonication, photocatalysis, placement in the dark cupboard
among others. Different sizes and shapes of mushroom-mediated AgNPs have been
reported with major applications in biomedical fields. Spherical AgNPs from Pleurotus florida were reportedly effective against bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis,
Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus and P. alcalifaciens (Bhat et al. 2011).
Irregularly shaped AgNPs of A. bisporus, Calocybe indica, P. florida and P. platypus
were effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas putida (Sujatha et al. 2013). Synthesized AgNPs of Pleurotus giganteus were spherical crystals of 2–20 nm size with minimum inhibitory
concentration of 10–15 μg/ml against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa.
More so, a particular study revealed the P. giganteus-mediated silver nanoparticles
exhibiting a concentration-dependent α-Amylase inhibition (Debnath et al. 2019).
Ganoderma has been extensively studied with great applications as anticancer,
antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumour, hypocholesterolemic, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-HIV and antiproliferative among several other activities. According to Mohanta et al. (2018), common species like G. capense,