Mushroom Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Developments and Potentials
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been universally applied in their pure or alloyed state, mostly in biomedical field
(Shah et al. 2015). It is also useful in catalysis, optoelectronics, sensory and antimicrobials. Non-noble metallic nanoparticles of selenium, iron, zinc oxide and copper
are also useful in agricultural, industrial and biomedical fields with great importance
in antimicrobials and cosmetics (Shah et al. 2015).
3 Mushrooms in Nanobiotechnology
Mushrooms, like other fungi, are important in nanobiotechnology due to the abundant production of important biomolecules vital to the synthesis of nanoparticles.
More so, the biomolecules are produced extracellularly saving the cost of downstream process. In addition, mushrooms have bioaccumulation and high wall-binding
ability with high stability reported in most mushroom-mediated nanoparticles, and
this has been linked to protein capping and amide linkages (Anthony et al. 2013).
Mushroom biomolecules of importance in nanobiotechnology have been basically
implicated in the process of stabilizing and reducing metal ions to nanoparticles
such as the reductase enzyme. Furthermore, mushroom mycelia surfaces are sticky
and negatively charged which thus serve as adhesive and electrostatic force during
the formation of nanoparticles (Afshar and Sedaghat 2016). Most mushrooms of
importance in nanobiotechnology are edible and highly medicinal, thus serving as
biofactories for the production of safe and medically important nanoparticles.
The earliest research on mushroom-mediated nanoparticles was in 2004 when
fibres of nanosizes were produced from Schizophyllum commune such as Schizophyllan, which is a purified β-1, 3-glucan used to synthesis nanoparticles (Numata
et al. 2004). The utilization of mushroom extracts from Volvoriella volvaceae,
Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricus bisporus, Agrocybe aegerita, Pleurotus sajor caju, P. florida and others had been reported with their potential in
reducing metal ions into metal nanoparticles (Owaid et al. 2015; Owaid and Ibraheem
2017; Owaid 2019). Mushrooms are capable of large biomass productions which are
useful in nanoparticles synthesis (Owaid et al. 2017b). Oyster mushrooms remain
the most explored mushroom in nanobiotechnology. In addition, of all oyster mushrooms utilized in nanobiotechnology, Pleurotus ostreatus is the most explored with
28%. This is closely followed by Pleurotus sajor caju with 21%, Pleurotus florida
with 17% and P. cornucopiae with 7%. Other oyster mushroom species such as
Pleurotus giganteus, P. salmoneostramineus, P. citrinopileatus, P. eous, P. djamor,
P. pulmonarius, P. platypus and P. djamor var roseus are of 3% each. Compound
secreted by mushrooms (edible and medicinal) which are used for nanoparticles
formation produce nanoparticles that are mostly monodispersed and stable. Furthermore, mushroom provides exceedingly interesting ability to modulate and create
different nanoparticles sizes and shapes in addition to lasting stability due to their
slower kinetics (Zhao et al. 2018).
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been universally applied in their pure or alloyed state, mostly in biomedical field
(Shah et al. 2015). It is also useful in catalysis, optoelectronics, sensory and antimicrobials. Non-noble metallic nanoparticles of selenium, iron, zinc oxide and copper
are also useful in agricultural, industrial and biomedical fields with great importance
in antimicrobials and cosmetics (Shah et al. 2015).
3 Mushrooms in Nanobiotechnology
Mushrooms, like other fungi, are important in nanobiotechnology due to the abundant production of important biomolecules vital to the synthesis of nanoparticles.
More so, the biomolecules are produced extracellularly saving the cost of downstream process. In addition, mushrooms have bioaccumulation and high wall-binding
ability with high stability reported in most mushroom-mediated nanoparticles, and
this has been linked to protein capping and amide linkages (Anthony et al. 2013).
Mushroom biomolecules of importance in nanobiotechnology have been basically
implicated in the process of stabilizing and reducing metal ions to nanoparticles
such as the reductase enzyme. Furthermore, mushroom mycelia surfaces are sticky
and negatively charged which thus serve as adhesive and electrostatic force during
the formation of nanoparticles (Afshar and Sedaghat 2016). Most mushrooms of
importance in nanobiotechnology are edible and highly medicinal, thus serving as
biofactories for the production of safe and medically important nanoparticles.
The earliest research on mushroom-mediated nanoparticles was in 2004 when
fibres of nanosizes were produced from Schizophyllum commune such as Schizophyllan, which is a purified β-1, 3-glucan used to synthesis nanoparticles (Numata
et al. 2004). The utilization of mushroom extracts from Volvoriella volvaceae,
Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricus bisporus, Agrocybe aegerita, Pleurotus sajor caju, P. florida and others had been reported with their potential in
reducing metal ions into metal nanoparticles (Owaid et al. 2015; Owaid and Ibraheem
2017; Owaid 2019). Mushrooms are capable of large biomass productions which are
useful in nanoparticles synthesis (Owaid et al. 2017b). Oyster mushrooms remain
the most explored mushroom in nanobiotechnology. In addition, of all oyster mushrooms utilized in nanobiotechnology, Pleurotus ostreatus is the most explored with
28%. This is closely followed by Pleurotus sajor caju with 21%, Pleurotus florida
with 17% and P. cornucopiae with 7%. Other oyster mushroom species such as
Pleurotus giganteus, P. salmoneostramineus, P. citrinopileatus, P. eous, P. djamor,
P. pulmonarius, P. platypus and P. djamor var roseus are of 3% each. Compound
secreted by mushrooms (edible and medicinal) which are used for nanoparticles
formation produce nanoparticles that are mostly monodispersed and stable. Furthermore, mushroom provides exceedingly interesting ability to modulate and create
different nanoparticles sizes and shapes in addition to lasting stability due to their
slower kinetics (Zhao et al. 2018).