260
E. A. Adebayo et al.
et al. 2015; Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020) and metabolites obtained from arthropods (Xu et al. 2013; Singh et al. 2014; Lateef et al. 2016e,
f).
Generally, nanoparticles are characterized based on some advanced techniques of
spectroscopy and microscopy. The UV–visible (UV-vis) spectrum of mushroommediated silver nanoparticles revealed surface plasmon resonance bands ranged
between 400 and 460 nm (Bhat et al. 2011; Devika et al. 2012; Anthony et al. 2013;
Arun et al. 2014; Chowdhury et al. 2014; Ekar et al. 2015; Elamawi et al. 2018;
Aygün et al. 2020) and 500–550 nm for gold nanoparticles (Philip 2009; Bhat et al.
2013; Owaid et al. 2017a; Bawadekji et al. 2018; Owaid et al. 2019). FTIR spectra
revealed polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, proteins and enzymes as reducing and
capping/stabilization agents in mushroom-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles (Bhat
et al. 2011; Anthony et al. 2013; Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. 2018), heterocyclic
compounds (Arun et al. 2014), phenols (Owaid et al. 2017a), polyphenols, amines
and alkaloids (Bawadekji et al. 2018), alcohols and ethers (Karthikeyan et al. 2019).
The structural features such as particle size and morphology obtained using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic
light scattering (DLS) are as follows: spherical, particle size (9–21 nm) with agglomeration (Aygün et al. 2019), spherical and size ranging between 51 and 99 nm (Arun
et al. 2014), monodispersed spherical with size range 10–15 (Anthony et al. 2013),
spherical in shape with particle size 10.3–38.7 nm (Bawadekji et al. 2018) and polydispersed spherical with size range of 20–25 nm (Bhat et al. 2011). Except with some
exceptional cases, the shape of most mushroom-mediated nanoparticles is spherical
which may be monodispersed or polydispersed with varying sizes. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the mushroom-synthesized nanoparticles usually have numbers
of Bragg reflections of nanocrystals corresponding to the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and
(3 1 1) sets of lattice planes (Devika et al. 2012; Bhat et al. 2013; Chowdhury et al.
2014; Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. 2018; Karthikeyan et al. 2019). The implication is
that most mushroom-mediated nanoparticles are highly crystalline.
Biosynthesized nanoparticles have been investigated as catalytic, antimicrobial
and biosensing agents in fields such as agriculture, health care, consumer products,
environment, foods and energy industries among others. In ancient Indian Ayurvedic
medicine book Charak Samhita, the therapeutic properties of different metals are
in details revealing the use of silver as earlier as 300 BC (Galib et al. 2011). Silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) had been widely used out of the different nanoparticles due to
its applicability in biomedical, drug delivery, water treatment, agricultural, electronic
devices, adhesives and in several industrial processes (Srikar et al. 2015; Velusamy
et al. 2016). Biosynthesized AgNPs are applied in biomedical sciences to improve
topical antimicrobial gel formulation, blood-contacting implants, wound healing,
medical catheters, orthopaedic applications, coating of contact lenses, dental instruments and endodontic filling materials (Sathishkumar et al. 2018). Other metallic
nanoparticles such as palladium, platinum and gold are applied in the cosmetic
industry as well as in medical and pharmaceutical industries. Gold nanoparticles
are important in separation science and clinical disease diagnosis and treatment with
several applications in the biomedicals/pharmaceuticals. Platinum nanoparticles had
E. A. Adebayo et al.
et al. 2015; Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020) and metabolites obtained from arthropods (Xu et al. 2013; Singh et al. 2014; Lateef et al. 2016e,
f).
Generally, nanoparticles are characterized based on some advanced techniques of
spectroscopy and microscopy. The UV–visible (UV-vis) spectrum of mushroommediated silver nanoparticles revealed surface plasmon resonance bands ranged
between 400 and 460 nm (Bhat et al. 2011; Devika et al. 2012; Anthony et al. 2013;
Arun et al. 2014; Chowdhury et al. 2014; Ekar et al. 2015; Elamawi et al. 2018;
Aygün et al. 2020) and 500–550 nm for gold nanoparticles (Philip 2009; Bhat et al.
2013; Owaid et al. 2017a; Bawadekji et al. 2018; Owaid et al. 2019). FTIR spectra
revealed polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, proteins and enzymes as reducing and
capping/stabilization agents in mushroom-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles (Bhat
et al. 2011; Anthony et al. 2013; Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. 2018), heterocyclic
compounds (Arun et al. 2014), phenols (Owaid et al. 2017a), polyphenols, amines
and alkaloids (Bawadekji et al. 2018), alcohols and ethers (Karthikeyan et al. 2019).
The structural features such as particle size and morphology obtained using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic
light scattering (DLS) are as follows: spherical, particle size (9–21 nm) with agglomeration (Aygün et al. 2019), spherical and size ranging between 51 and 99 nm (Arun
et al. 2014), monodispersed spherical with size range 10–15 (Anthony et al. 2013),
spherical in shape with particle size 10.3–38.7 nm (Bawadekji et al. 2018) and polydispersed spherical with size range of 20–25 nm (Bhat et al. 2011). Except with some
exceptional cases, the shape of most mushroom-mediated nanoparticles is spherical
which may be monodispersed or polydispersed with varying sizes. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the mushroom-synthesized nanoparticles usually have numbers
of Bragg reflections of nanocrystals corresponding to the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and
(3 1 1) sets of lattice planes (Devika et al. 2012; Bhat et al. 2013; Chowdhury et al.
2014; Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. 2018; Karthikeyan et al. 2019). The implication is
that most mushroom-mediated nanoparticles are highly crystalline.
Biosynthesized nanoparticles have been investigated as catalytic, antimicrobial
and biosensing agents in fields such as agriculture, health care, consumer products,
environment, foods and energy industries among others. In ancient Indian Ayurvedic
medicine book Charak Samhita, the therapeutic properties of different metals are
in details revealing the use of silver as earlier as 300 BC (Galib et al. 2011). Silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) had been widely used out of the different nanoparticles due to
its applicability in biomedical, drug delivery, water treatment, agricultural, electronic
devices, adhesives and in several industrial processes (Srikar et al. 2015; Velusamy
et al. 2016). Biosynthesized AgNPs are applied in biomedical sciences to improve
topical antimicrobial gel formulation, blood-contacting implants, wound healing,
medical catheters, orthopaedic applications, coating of contact lenses, dental instruments and endodontic filling materials (Sathishkumar et al. 2018). Other metallic
nanoparticles such as palladium, platinum and gold are applied in the cosmetic
industry as well as in medical and pharmaceutical industries. Gold nanoparticles
are important in separation science and clinical disease diagnosis and treatment with
several applications in the biomedicals/pharmaceuticals. Platinum nanoparticles had