Mushroom Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Developments and Potentials
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attributes of biological system on the backbone of molecules through this methodology. Biotechnology employs the techniques and knowledge of life science to
modify or completely change processes in the cells through editing of genes and
molecules culminating in service delivery and manufacture of products important
in diverse fields. In biotechnology, several physiological procedures, most importantly the metabolism of the living subject is essential. Therefore, nanobiotechnology
simplifies different approaches of biological science by consolidating the information technology applications and that of nanotechnology into the present issues of
biology. Nanobiotechnology to some extent possesses capability of bridging preexisting boundaries between chemistry, biology and physics beyond the present
understanding, imagination or idea (Elegbede and Lateef 2019). It is opinionated
that bridging gaps of different science fields can stem multifunctional systems and
devices of higher class and greater specificity, sensitivity and identification in the
world of analysis and diagnosis (Niemeyer and Mirkin 2004).
The fundamental aspect of nanotechnology is the creation of nanoparticles which
can be synthesized by either a top-down or a bottom-up approach. In the bottom-up
technique, fundamental units are amalgamated into larger stable structures while the
top-down approach utilizes larger initial structures by controlling the nanostructures
(Agarwal et al. 2017). The methods of nanoparticles synthesis can be physical, chemical or biological otherwise called ‘green chemistry’. The physical method requires
high temperature and pressure, and it includes the laser ablation lithography (Zhang
and Wang 2008) and high-energy irradiation (Mafune et al. 2001; Treguer et al.
1998) which are very expensive to achieve. The chemical method entails highly
toxic compounds, and it includes electrochemistry, chemical reduction and photochemical reduction (Chen et al. 2001; Eustis et al. 2005; Frattini et al. 2005). On
the other hand, green approach (biological) is an environmental and eco-friendly
safe approach of nanoparticles synthesis which employs microorganisms or other
living things like plants, animals and their metabolites (Adelere and Lateef 2016;
Lateef et al. 2016a). This method remains the most researched area of nanoparticles
synthesis which holds immense potential.
Biosynthesis of copper, platinum, gold, zinc, palladium, silver and selenium particles from bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and yeasts had been globally reported (Shah
et al. 2015). Green synthesis of nanoparticles is accomplished via adoption of biological materials as stabilizing and reducing agents that are eco-friendly and non-toxic
(Jegadeeswaran et al. 2012). The inorganic metal ions can be converted into metal
nanoparticles via the reductive capacities of these biological systems rich in metabolites and other important proteins (Sanghi and Verma 2009a; Makarov et al. 2014).
Interestingly, the abundant availability of several biological resources has expanded
the scope of biological synthesis technique of nanomaterials. Some of the biofactories that have been previously reported are fungi (Verma et al. 2010), mushrooms
(Devika et al. 2012; Yehia and Al-Sheikh 2014; Owaid et al. 2017a), bacteria (Lateef
et al. 2016b; Ojo et al. 2016; Oladipo et al. 2017a, b), plants (Lateef et al. 2016c, d,
2017, 2018; Azeez et al. 2017; Adebayo et al. 2019a, b; Aina et al. 2019), enzymes
(Faramarzi and Forootanfar 2011; Durán et al. 2014, 2015; Khan et al. 2015; Lateef
259
attributes of biological system on the backbone of molecules through this methodology. Biotechnology employs the techniques and knowledge of life science to
modify or completely change processes in the cells through editing of genes and
molecules culminating in service delivery and manufacture of products important
in diverse fields. In biotechnology, several physiological procedures, most importantly the metabolism of the living subject is essential. Therefore, nanobiotechnology
simplifies different approaches of biological science by consolidating the information technology applications and that of nanotechnology into the present issues of
biology. Nanobiotechnology to some extent possesses capability of bridging preexisting boundaries between chemistry, biology and physics beyond the present
understanding, imagination or idea (Elegbede and Lateef 2019). It is opinionated
that bridging gaps of different science fields can stem multifunctional systems and
devices of higher class and greater specificity, sensitivity and identification in the
world of analysis and diagnosis (Niemeyer and Mirkin 2004).
The fundamental aspect of nanotechnology is the creation of nanoparticles which
can be synthesized by either a top-down or a bottom-up approach. In the bottom-up
technique, fundamental units are amalgamated into larger stable structures while the
top-down approach utilizes larger initial structures by controlling the nanostructures
(Agarwal et al. 2017). The methods of nanoparticles synthesis can be physical, chemical or biological otherwise called ‘green chemistry’. The physical method requires
high temperature and pressure, and it includes the laser ablation lithography (Zhang
and Wang 2008) and high-energy irradiation (Mafune et al. 2001; Treguer et al.
1998) which are very expensive to achieve. The chemical method entails highly
toxic compounds, and it includes electrochemistry, chemical reduction and photochemical reduction (Chen et al. 2001; Eustis et al. 2005; Frattini et al. 2005). On
the other hand, green approach (biological) is an environmental and eco-friendly
safe approach of nanoparticles synthesis which employs microorganisms or other
living things like plants, animals and their metabolites (Adelere and Lateef 2016;
Lateef et al. 2016a). This method remains the most researched area of nanoparticles
synthesis which holds immense potential.
Biosynthesis of copper, platinum, gold, zinc, palladium, silver and selenium particles from bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and yeasts had been globally reported (Shah
et al. 2015). Green synthesis of nanoparticles is accomplished via adoption of biological materials as stabilizing and reducing agents that are eco-friendly and non-toxic
(Jegadeeswaran et al. 2012). The inorganic metal ions can be converted into metal
nanoparticles via the reductive capacities of these biological systems rich in metabolites and other important proteins (Sanghi and Verma 2009a; Makarov et al. 2014).
Interestingly, the abundant availability of several biological resources has expanded
the scope of biological synthesis technique of nanomaterials. Some of the biofactories that have been previously reported are fungi (Verma et al. 2010), mushrooms
(Devika et al. 2012; Yehia and Al-Sheikh 2014; Owaid et al. 2017a), bacteria (Lateef
et al. 2016b; Ojo et al. 2016; Oladipo et al. 2017a, b), plants (Lateef et al. 2016c, d,
2017, 2018; Azeez et al. 2017; Adebayo et al. 2019a, b; Aina et al. 2019), enzymes
(Faramarzi and Forootanfar 2011; Durán et al. 2014, 2015; Khan et al. 2015; Lateef