130
T. I. Shaheen et al.
respectively. The spherical, nano-rod and hexagonal ZnO-NPs shapes exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects against cell lines (normal and cancer). The safe dose
of three ZnO-NPs shapes was loaded on cotton fabrics to enhance their properties
such as antibacterial activities against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and
UV blocking property (Fouda et al. 2018; Mohamed et al. 2019).
7.5 Myconanotechnology in Food Industry
The applications of nanomaterials in the food industry represent a good development
in terms of food safety from spoilage, packaging, safety and delivery systems. In the
immediate future, the development of nanotechnology will serve two specific areas
in food processing; namely food packaging and food additives (Sharaf et al. 2019).
Myconanotechnology is used as a smart nanomaterial in food safety as the main
trend is to reduce food spoilage. In order to improve the antimicrobial activity of
packaging tissue, nano-gold was introduced into the packaging industry and gave
it new properties (Ray et al. 2013). The nanomaterials were utilized in packaging
method, taking into account food safety. Thus, the inclusion of ZnO-NPs in packing
and packaging materials saves juices from deterioration without changing their properties and appearance as they become of better quality. Ag-NPs were also found to
be slightly better than ZnO-NPs in its antimicrobial activity on mold and yeast cells.
The juice packaged with NPs will work for a longer period if the process is done
at moderate temperatures. Researchers have confirmed the mycosynthesis of ZnONPs by Aspergillus fumigatus, A. alternata and C. albicans (Mashrai et al. 2017;
Sarkar et al. 2014). A study on Se-NPs showed that it has the ability to destroy
pathogens during the cleaning process and remove contaminants that cause food
spoilage (Mosallam et al. 2018). Ultimately, the availability of myconanotechnology
in the food industry will be of benefit for the preservation of vegetables and fruits
(Mohammed Fayaz et al. 2009).
7.6 Myconanotechnology in Biomedical Applications
The considerable confronts for medical practitioners are briefed in apparition of new
drug-resistant microbes. Therefore, the developments of new drugs are necessary to
overcome various diseases. The applications of NPs in medicine have various advantages as diagnosis using NP-based imaging, early detection systems and treatment of
various diseases caused by drug-resistant microbes (Clarance et al. 2020; El-Sayed
et al. 2020a; Elsoud et al. 2018; Yousef et al. 2020). Various types of NPs, including
metals and metal oxides such as Ag, Se, Au, ZnO, TiO 2 and CuO have been developed by various researchers to utilize in medicinal applications (Abbas and Abou
Baker 2020; Castillo et al. 2019; Dizaj et al. 2015; Durairaj et al. 2014b; Elegbede
et al. 2020; Fouda et al. 2018; Gao et al. 2019; Hassan et al. 2018, 2019; Marquis et al.
T. I. Shaheen et al.
respectively. The spherical, nano-rod and hexagonal ZnO-NPs shapes exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects against cell lines (normal and cancer). The safe dose
of three ZnO-NPs shapes was loaded on cotton fabrics to enhance their properties
such as antibacterial activities against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and
UV blocking property (Fouda et al. 2018; Mohamed et al. 2019).
7.5 Myconanotechnology in Food Industry
The applications of nanomaterials in the food industry represent a good development
in terms of food safety from spoilage, packaging, safety and delivery systems. In the
immediate future, the development of nanotechnology will serve two specific areas
in food processing; namely food packaging and food additives (Sharaf et al. 2019).
Myconanotechnology is used as a smart nanomaterial in food safety as the main
trend is to reduce food spoilage. In order to improve the antimicrobial activity of
packaging tissue, nano-gold was introduced into the packaging industry and gave
it new properties (Ray et al. 2013). The nanomaterials were utilized in packaging
method, taking into account food safety. Thus, the inclusion of ZnO-NPs in packing
and packaging materials saves juices from deterioration without changing their properties and appearance as they become of better quality. Ag-NPs were also found to
be slightly better than ZnO-NPs in its antimicrobial activity on mold and yeast cells.
The juice packaged with NPs will work for a longer period if the process is done
at moderate temperatures. Researchers have confirmed the mycosynthesis of ZnONPs by Aspergillus fumigatus, A. alternata and C. albicans (Mashrai et al. 2017;
Sarkar et al. 2014). A study on Se-NPs showed that it has the ability to destroy
pathogens during the cleaning process and remove contaminants that cause food
spoilage (Mosallam et al. 2018). Ultimately, the availability of myconanotechnology
in the food industry will be of benefit for the preservation of vegetables and fruits
(Mohammed Fayaz et al. 2009).
7.6 Myconanotechnology in Biomedical Applications
The considerable confronts for medical practitioners are briefed in apparition of new
drug-resistant microbes. Therefore, the developments of new drugs are necessary to
overcome various diseases. The applications of NPs in medicine have various advantages as diagnosis using NP-based imaging, early detection systems and treatment of
various diseases caused by drug-resistant microbes (Clarance et al. 2020; El-Sayed
et al. 2020a; Elsoud et al. 2018; Yousef et al. 2020). Various types of NPs, including
metals and metal oxides such as Ag, Se, Au, ZnO, TiO 2 and CuO have been developed by various researchers to utilize in medicinal applications (Abbas and Abou
Baker 2020; Castillo et al. 2019; Dizaj et al. 2015; Durairaj et al. 2014b; Elegbede
et al. 2020; Fouda et al. 2018; Gao et al. 2019; Hassan et al. 2018, 2019; Marquis et al.