nitrogen), surfactants, foams, suspended solids, oil and greases, bacteria, and many
others. Dishwashing and cooking wastewater generally consist of discarded food,
nutrients, cooking oil, dishwashing soaps or liquids, and bacteria.
Yellow water contains human urine with or without flush water, which is
presented in domestic wastewater approximately 1% by volume. Urine is a natural
source of macronutrients. The presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in
conventional domestic wastewater mostly originates from urine.
Brown water is human feces, which may be included flush water and toilet
papers. The significant constituents of brown water are organic matters, phosphorus,
and infectious agents (Balkaya and Guneysu 2019). Furthermore, human feces and
urine are also important sources of both metabolized and non-metabolized pharmaceutical residues after absorption and metabolization from human bodies.
Black water is a combination of yellow and brown waters; thus it is composed of
human feces, urine, toilet papers, and flush water.
Industrial Wastewater
Apart from domestic wastewater, one of the important organic pollutant sources is
industrial wastewater, such as textile, chemical, food, and beverage, which is a high
concentration of various organic pollutants. Presently, a huge amount of industrial
wastewater from several industries was released into rivers, lakes, and coastal areas.
The results of this problem lead to be a serious pollution problem in water with
negative effects to the ecosystem.
Nowadays, there are many types of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater
based on different industries, such as leather, textile, metal processing, brewery and
fermentation, food, pharmaceuticals, oil refining, cosmetics, soaps, pesticides, herbicides, cellulose and paper manufacturing, glue, and adhesives industries. The main
source of organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters is produced from the chemical
industry using organic substances for chemical reactions.
Agricultural Wastewater
Agricultural sector is also identified as one of the important sources for organic
pollutants in wastewater that can affect ecology and the environment. Agricultural
wastewater principally comes from by-products of anthropogenic activities in the
agricultural area such as farmland, fertilizer, animal manure, and agrichemicals.
Agricultural wastewater has been recognized as non-point source pollution, which
is released from different agricultural activities. All types of agricultural activities
produce a large number of organic pollutants (e.g., pesticides or herbicides), which
subsequently discharge into surface water and penetrate to groundwater. Most
agricultural wastewater is composed of sediment, nutrients, microorganism, and
chemical, which is difficult to control because these substances usually discharge
into surrounding natural water bodies during rainfall (Neumann et al. 2002).
14
P. Kemacheevakul and S. Chuangchote
others. Dishwashing and cooking wastewater generally consist of discarded food,
nutrients, cooking oil, dishwashing soaps or liquids, and bacteria.
Yellow water contains human urine with or without flush water, which is
presented in domestic wastewater approximately 1% by volume. Urine is a natural
source of macronutrients. The presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in
conventional domestic wastewater mostly originates from urine.
Brown water is human feces, which may be included flush water and toilet
papers. The significant constituents of brown water are organic matters, phosphorus,
and infectious agents (Balkaya and Guneysu 2019). Furthermore, human feces and
urine are also important sources of both metabolized and non-metabolized pharmaceutical residues after absorption and metabolization from human bodies.
Black water is a combination of yellow and brown waters; thus it is composed of
human feces, urine, toilet papers, and flush water.
Industrial Wastewater
Apart from domestic wastewater, one of the important organic pollutant sources is
industrial wastewater, such as textile, chemical, food, and beverage, which is a high
concentration of various organic pollutants. Presently, a huge amount of industrial
wastewater from several industries was released into rivers, lakes, and coastal areas.
The results of this problem lead to be a serious pollution problem in water with
negative effects to the ecosystem.
Nowadays, there are many types of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater
based on different industries, such as leather, textile, metal processing, brewery and
fermentation, food, pharmaceuticals, oil refining, cosmetics, soaps, pesticides, herbicides, cellulose and paper manufacturing, glue, and adhesives industries. The main
source of organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters is produced from the chemical
industry using organic substances for chemical reactions.
Agricultural Wastewater
Agricultural sector is also identified as one of the important sources for organic
pollutants in wastewater that can affect ecology and the environment. Agricultural
wastewater principally comes from by-products of anthropogenic activities in the
agricultural area such as farmland, fertilizer, animal manure, and agrichemicals.
Agricultural wastewater has been recognized as non-point source pollution, which
is released from different agricultural activities. All types of agricultural activities
produce a large number of organic pollutants (e.g., pesticides or herbicides), which
subsequently discharge into surface water and penetrate to groundwater. Most
agricultural wastewater is composed of sediment, nutrients, microorganism, and
chemical, which is difficult to control because these substances usually discharge
into surrounding natural water bodies during rainfall (Neumann et al. 2002).
14
P. Kemacheevakul and S. Chuangchote