Table 5.2
(continued)
Dye contaminant
Water matrix/
reactor type
Ultrasonic parameters/
gas atmosphere
Experimental
conditions
Treatment efficiency/other
results or remarks
Ref.
C.I.
Reactive Orange 16 and
C.I. acid orange 7
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 300 kHz
P
elec
¼ 25 W
Argon atmosphere
V
¼ 100 mL
C
0
¼ 30
μM
T
¼ 20
C
pH 3–9.5
Removals of 90% for acid
orange and 73% for Reactive
Orange 16 were measured after
1 h of irradiation with destruction of more than 40% of initial
aromatic rings of the dyes
The bleaching rates accelerated
with increased acidity
Decolorization of dyes was
related to the size of the molecule and the type or position of
substituents about azo bonds
Ince and
TezcanliGüyer
(2004)
Acid orange 5, acid orange
52, Direct Blue 71, Reactive
Black 5, and Reactive Orange
16 and 107
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 850 kHz
P
elec
¼ 60–120 W
air atmosphere
V
¼ 100 mL
C
0
¼ 100
μM
T
¼ 30
C
pH NI
Ultrasound was able to remove
and mineralize dyes to
non-toxic end products (acetate, formate, oxalate, sulfate,
and nitrate)
First-order decay rate constants
vary from 0.87 to 6.21 h
À1
for
120 W and from 0.3 to
1.66 h
À1
for 90 W
Rehorek
et al. (2004)
Acid Blue 40 and methylene
blue
Deionized water
(DI)/bath
f ¼ 354.5 kHz
P
elec
¼ 35 W
Argon and air
atmospheres
V
¼ 250 mL
C
0
¼ 10
μM for AB40
and 3
μM for MB
T
¼ 25
C
pH 9–11
Both dyes were degraded efficiently, and ~ 80% of Acid
Blue 40 was removed at only
20 min of treatment
Initial decay rate of Acid Blue
40 was
k AB40
¼ 7.7
 10
À9
M/
s, and that of methylene blue
was
k ¼ 8.1
 10
À9
M/s under
Minero et al.
(2008)
158
S. Merouani and O. Hamdaoui
(continued)
Dye contaminant
Water matrix/
reactor type
Ultrasonic parameters/
gas atmosphere
Experimental
conditions
Treatment efficiency/other
results or remarks
Ref.
C.I.
Reactive Orange 16 and
C.I. acid orange 7
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 300 kHz
P
elec
¼ 25 W
Argon atmosphere
V
¼ 100 mL
C
0
¼ 30
μM
T
¼ 20
C
pH 3–9.5
Removals of 90% for acid
orange and 73% for Reactive
Orange 16 were measured after
1 h of irradiation with destruction of more than 40% of initial
aromatic rings of the dyes
The bleaching rates accelerated
with increased acidity
Decolorization of dyes was
related to the size of the molecule and the type or position of
substituents about azo bonds
Ince and
TezcanliGüyer
(2004)
Acid orange 5, acid orange
52, Direct Blue 71, Reactive
Black 5, and Reactive Orange
16 and 107
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 850 kHz
P
elec
¼ 60–120 W
air atmosphere
V
¼ 100 mL
C
0
¼ 100
μM
T
¼ 30
C
pH NI
Ultrasound was able to remove
and mineralize dyes to
non-toxic end products (acetate, formate, oxalate, sulfate,
and nitrate)
First-order decay rate constants
vary from 0.87 to 6.21 h
À1
for
120 W and from 0.3 to
1.66 h
À1
for 90 W
Rehorek
et al. (2004)
Acid Blue 40 and methylene
blue
Deionized water
(DI)/bath
f ¼ 354.5 kHz
P
elec
¼ 35 W
Argon and air
atmospheres
V
¼ 250 mL
C
0
¼ 10
μM for AB40
and 3
μM for MB
T
¼ 25
C
pH 9–11
Both dyes were degraded efficiently, and ~ 80% of Acid
Blue 40 was removed at only
20 min of treatment
Initial decay rate of Acid Blue
40 was
k AB40
¼ 7.7
 10
À9
M/
s, and that of methylene blue
was
k ¼ 8.1
 10
À9
M/s under
Minero et al.
(2008)
158
S. Merouani and O. Hamdaoui