Table 5.2
Studies utilizing ultrasound for the degradation of textile dyes
Dye contaminant
Water matrix/
reactor type
Ultrasonic parameters/
gas atmosphere
Experimental
conditions
Treatment efficiency/other
results or remarks
Ref.
Azobenzene, methyl orange,
o-methyl red, and p-methyl red
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 500 kHz
P
elec
¼ 50 W
air, O
2 , and argon
atmospheres
V
¼ 650 mL
C
0
¼ 10
μM
T
¼ 15
C
pH ~ 7
Bleaching was completed
within the
first 40 min of sonication, whereas mineralization
is attained after a longer period
of time (about 30–50% reduction in TOC
0 was achieved
after 300 min)
The use of argon as a background gas enhanced the degradation rate by 10% compared
to air and O
2
Joseph et al.
(1999)
C.I. Reactive Red 141,
C.I. Reactive Black 5, C.I. Basic Brown 4, C.I. Basic
Blue 3
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 520 kHz
P
elec
¼ 10–100 W
Air atmosphere
V
¼ 300 mL
C
0
¼ 20–40 mg/L
T
¼ 25
C
pH 5.5–6.5
Reduction of more than 80% in
the visible bands and about
11–92% in the 254 nm absorbance were measured after 2 h
of sonication at 100 W
Significant degrees of toxicity
reduction were accomplished
along with color and aromatic
carbon degradation
TezcanliGuyer and
Ince (2003)
C.I. Reactive Yellow 15, C.I. Reactive Red 22, C.I. Reactive
Blue 28, Remazol Dark
Black N, C.I. Reactive Blue
220, and C.I. Reactive Black
Deionized water
(DI)/probe
f ¼ 20 kHz
Intens.
¼ 80 W/cm
2
air atmosphere
V
¼ 50 mL
C
0
¼ 10 mg/L
T
¼ 25
C
pH NI
70–96% decolorization was
achieved in 7 h of sonotreatment
Vončina and
Majcen-LeMarechal
(2003)
(continued)
5 Sonochemical Treatment of Textile Wastewater
157
Studies utilizing ultrasound for the degradation of textile dyes
Dye contaminant
Water matrix/
reactor type
Ultrasonic parameters/
gas atmosphere
Experimental
conditions
Treatment efficiency/other
results or remarks
Ref.
Azobenzene, methyl orange,
o-methyl red, and p-methyl red
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 500 kHz
P
elec
¼ 50 W
air, O
2 , and argon
atmospheres
V
¼ 650 mL
C
0
¼ 10
μM
T
¼ 15
C
pH ~ 7
Bleaching was completed
within the
first 40 min of sonication, whereas mineralization
is attained after a longer period
of time (about 30–50% reduction in TOC
0 was achieved
after 300 min)
The use of argon as a background gas enhanced the degradation rate by 10% compared
to air and O
2
Joseph et al.
(1999)
C.I. Reactive Red 141,
C.I. Reactive Black 5, C.I. Basic Brown 4, C.I. Basic
Blue 3
Deionized water
(DI)/standing wave
reactor (DS)
f ¼ 520 kHz
P
elec
¼ 10–100 W
Air atmosphere
V
¼ 300 mL
C
0
¼ 20–40 mg/L
T
¼ 25
C
pH 5.5–6.5
Reduction of more than 80% in
the visible bands and about
11–92% in the 254 nm absorbance were measured after 2 h
of sonication at 100 W
Significant degrees of toxicity
reduction were accomplished
along with color and aromatic
carbon degradation
TezcanliGuyer and
Ince (2003)
C.I. Reactive Yellow 15, C.I. Reactive Red 22, C.I. Reactive
Blue 28, Remazol Dark
Black N, C.I. Reactive Blue
220, and C.I. Reactive Black
Deionized water
(DI)/probe
f ¼ 20 kHz
Intens.
¼ 80 W/cm
2
air atmosphere
V
¼ 50 mL
C
0
¼ 10 mg/L
T
¼ 25
C
pH NI
70–96% decolorization was
achieved in 7 h of sonotreatment
Vončina and
Majcen-LeMarechal
(2003)
(continued)
5 Sonochemical Treatment of Textile Wastewater
157