563
Trombiculidae, 324
Trombidiform mites, 323
Trombidiformes, 323, 324, 326
general aspects, 323
Trophamnion-blastomere, 117
Trophic cascade hypothesis, 471
Trypanosome parasites, 49–54
in fecal droplets, 53, 55
flagellates, 53
fossil record, 49–54
Blastocrithidia in triatomine
Panstrongylus, 53
malarial parasites in amber
mosquito, 54
Paleoleishmania in sand fly
Palaeomyia, 49, 50
Paleotrypanosoma in biting midge
Leptoconops, 51, 53, 412
Trypanosoma in kissing bug
Triatoma, 57
trypomastigote stages in triatomine
Paleotriatoma, 53
vertebrate infective amastigotes,
49, 52
leishmanial parasite, 49, 50
normal and elongate nectomonad
promastigotes, 49, 51
short procyclic promastigotes, 51
trypomastigote stages, 53, 57
vertebrate infective amastigotes, 49, 52
Tsetse flies, 415
See also Glossinidae
Tumors, 37–39
fossil record, 37
Tunicate-vertebrate divergence, 136
Turbellaria, 248
fossil record, 248
Polycladida, 248
Rhabdocoela, 248
Tricladida, 248
Turritopsis, 121
Twisted-wing parasite, 457
See also Strepsiptera
Tydeoidea, 317, 323
Tylenchomorpha, 251, 252, 254
fossil record, 252
Tyloses, 81
Tyrannosaurus rex, 17
U
Unionida
adaptations, host infection, 171–172
adult unionoids, 165–167
classification and diversity, 172, 175
clock-based data, 175
demibranchs, 164
divergence time estimates, 173
diversity, 172–175
evolution, 175
evolution of parasitism, 167
brooding, 167
encapsulation, 182–184
freshwater habitat, 172
host constraints, 180
host responses, 182
host suitability, 184–185
parasitic larvae, 179–180
parental care, 177–179
filter feeding, 164
fossilization potential, 177
functional anatomy, 165–169
adults, 165–167
parasitic larvae, 167–169
host suitability, 184–185
larvae, 167–169
larval habitat, 167–169
larval brooding and elimination, 164
life cycle, 164
life history, 169–170
marsupia, 164
molecular clock, 175, 176
molecular divergence time estimates,
175, 176
ancient fish hosts, 188
modern teleost hosts, 187
origins, 172
parental care
brooding, 178
calcium concretions, 178
eulamellibranch gills, 179
filibranch grade gill anatomy, 177
mantle cavity, 178
parasitic larvae, 179, 180
parasitise fish, 164
parasitism (see Unionoid parasitism)
phylogeny, 175–176
glochidia-bearing families, 175
quick encapsulation, 165
semi-infaunal burrowers, 164, 165
sexual dimorphism, 170
Unionidae, 166, 167, 171, 172, 174–176,
179–181, 188, 189
Unioninae, 174
Unionoid parasitism
encaptulation, 182–184
experimental decay data, 177
of fish, 176
fossil data, 176
fossilization, 177
Index
Trombiculidae, 324
Trombidiform mites, 323
Trombidiformes, 323, 324, 326
general aspects, 323
Trophamnion-blastomere, 117
Trophic cascade hypothesis, 471
Trypanosome parasites, 49–54
in fecal droplets, 53, 55
flagellates, 53
fossil record, 49–54
Blastocrithidia in triatomine
Panstrongylus, 53
malarial parasites in amber
mosquito, 54
Paleoleishmania in sand fly
Palaeomyia, 49, 50
Paleotrypanosoma in biting midge
Leptoconops, 51, 53, 412
Trypanosoma in kissing bug
Triatoma, 57
trypomastigote stages in triatomine
Paleotriatoma, 53
vertebrate infective amastigotes,
49, 52
leishmanial parasite, 49, 50
normal and elongate nectomonad
promastigotes, 49, 51
short procyclic promastigotes, 51
trypomastigote stages, 53, 57
vertebrate infective amastigotes, 49, 52
Tsetse flies, 415
See also Glossinidae
Tumors, 37–39
fossil record, 37
Tunicate-vertebrate divergence, 136
Turbellaria, 248
fossil record, 248
Polycladida, 248
Rhabdocoela, 248
Tricladida, 248
Turritopsis, 121
Twisted-wing parasite, 457
See also Strepsiptera
Tydeoidea, 317, 323
Tylenchomorpha, 251, 252, 254
fossil record, 252
Tyloses, 81
Tyrannosaurus rex, 17
U
Unionida
adaptations, host infection, 171–172
adult unionoids, 165–167
classification and diversity, 172, 175
clock-based data, 175
demibranchs, 164
divergence time estimates, 173
diversity, 172–175
evolution, 175
evolution of parasitism, 167
brooding, 167
encapsulation, 182–184
freshwater habitat, 172
host constraints, 180
host responses, 182
host suitability, 184–185
parasitic larvae, 179–180
parental care, 177–179
filter feeding, 164
fossilization potential, 177
functional anatomy, 165–169
adults, 165–167
parasitic larvae, 167–169
host suitability, 184–185
larvae, 167–169
larval habitat, 167–169
larval brooding and elimination, 164
life cycle, 164
life history, 169–170
marsupia, 164
molecular clock, 175, 176
molecular divergence time estimates,
175, 176
ancient fish hosts, 188
modern teleost hosts, 187
origins, 172
parental care
brooding, 178
calcium concretions, 178
eulamellibranch gills, 179
filibranch grade gill anatomy, 177
mantle cavity, 178
parasitic larvae, 179, 180
parasitise fish, 164
parasitism (see Unionoid parasitism)
phylogeny, 175–176
glochidia-bearing families, 175
quick encapsulation, 165
semi-infaunal burrowers, 164, 165
sexual dimorphism, 170
Unionidae, 166, 167, 171, 172, 174–176,
179–181, 188, 189
Unioninae, 174
Unionoid parasitism
encaptulation, 182–184
experimental decay data, 177
of fish, 176
fossil data, 176
fossilization, 177
Index