564
Unionoid parasitism (cont.)
metamorphosis/encapsulation
duration, 185–186
parental care
brooding, 167, 178
ctenidial ciliary patterns, 178
eulamellibranch gills, 179
filibranch grade gill anatomy, 177, 178
glochidial shells, 178
mantle cavity, 178
morphology, 177
N. margaritacea, 178
trigoniids, 178
resistant hosts, 184–185
Upward incorporation/inclusion, 11, 133, 296,
298, 303
Urda, 354
Urodinychidae, 337
Uropodina, 317
Uropodoidea, 317, 332
Uterine bell, 283
V
Valanginian, 487, 500
Valginae, 452
Vampire moths, 446, 447
See also Erebidae
Vanhorniidae, 434
Varroidae, 333
Vectevaniidae, 432
Vector, 42
Vertebrata, 1–19, 29, 30, 38, 49, 52, 53, 63,
89, 110, 114, 116, 122, 125–128,
133, 136, 141, 184, 232, 245, 247,
253, 259, 273–304, 324, 327, 330,
331, 335, 336, 380, 381, 390, 392,
393, 404, 405, 407, 409–415
fossil record, 125–128
as hosts for
Acanthocephala, 7
dipteran parasitoids, 451
origins, 125
Vertebrate-infecting parasites
acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms),
8 (see also Acanthocephala)
cestodes (tapeworms), 3, 4 (see also
Cestoda)
copepods, 9 (see also Copepoda)
ectoparasitic insects (fleas and lice), 12, 13
endocnidozoans, 125
isopods, 9, 10
monogeneans, 8 (see also Monogenea)
nematodes (roundworms), 5–7
parasitic worms, 232, 238 (see also
Helminths)
pentastomids (tongue worms), 10, 11
ticks, 11, 12, 328 (see also Ixodida)
trematodes (flukes), 4, 5, 445 (see also
Trematoda)
Vespidae, 484
Vespoidea, 466, 482, 484–486
Vetufebrus ovatus, 59, 60
Viral evolution, 30
Virions, 32–34
Virus fossils
direct evidence
CPV, 31–33 (see also Cytoplasmic
polyhedrosis viruses (CPV))
NPV, 31–35 (see also Nuclear
polyhedrosis viruses (NPV))
occluded viruses, 31
polyhedra, 31
genomic methods, 30
indirect evidence
Iridoviridae, 38, 40
isopod iridescent virus, 40
tumors in lepidoptera, 37–39
wasps with polydnaviruses, 35–37
molecular fossils, 30
paleovirology, 30
Viruses, 29–65
evolution, 30 (see also Viral evolution)
fossil record, 29–65 (see also Virus
fossils)
direct evidence, 30
indirect evidence, 30
Vizella, 83
Vladipteridae, 478
W
Wasps, see Hymenoptera
Watersnipe flies, 412, 414
See also Athericidae
Wedge-shaped beetle, 454
See also Ripiphoridae
Wenteltraps, 216
See also Epitoniidae
Whale lice, 349, 350
See also Amphipoda
Wheel animals, 284, 294, 295
See also Rotifera
Winterschmidtiidae, 327
Index
Unionoid parasitism (cont.)
metamorphosis/encapsulation
duration, 185–186
parental care
brooding, 167, 178
ctenidial ciliary patterns, 178
eulamellibranch gills, 179
filibranch grade gill anatomy, 177, 178
glochidial shells, 178
mantle cavity, 178
morphology, 177
N. margaritacea, 178
trigoniids, 178
resistant hosts, 184–185
Upward incorporation/inclusion, 11, 133, 296,
298, 303
Urda, 354
Urodinychidae, 337
Uropodina, 317
Uropodoidea, 317, 332
Uterine bell, 283
V
Valanginian, 487, 500
Valginae, 452
Vampire moths, 446, 447
See also Erebidae
Vanhorniidae, 434
Varroidae, 333
Vectevaniidae, 432
Vector, 42
Vertebrata, 1–19, 29, 30, 38, 49, 52, 53, 63,
89, 110, 114, 116, 122, 125–128,
133, 136, 141, 184, 232, 245, 247,
253, 259, 273–304, 324, 327, 330,
331, 335, 336, 380, 381, 390, 392,
393, 404, 405, 407, 409–415
fossil record, 125–128
as hosts for
Acanthocephala, 7
dipteran parasitoids, 451
origins, 125
Vertebrate-infecting parasites
acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms),
8 (see also Acanthocephala)
cestodes (tapeworms), 3, 4 (see also
Cestoda)
copepods, 9 (see also Copepoda)
ectoparasitic insects (fleas and lice), 12, 13
endocnidozoans, 125
isopods, 9, 10
monogeneans, 8 (see also Monogenea)
nematodes (roundworms), 5–7
parasitic worms, 232, 238 (see also
Helminths)
pentastomids (tongue worms), 10, 11
ticks, 11, 12, 328 (see also Ixodida)
trematodes (flukes), 4, 5, 445 (see also
Trematoda)
Vespidae, 484
Vespoidea, 466, 482, 484–486
Vetufebrus ovatus, 59, 60
Viral evolution, 30
Virions, 32–34
Virus fossils
direct evidence
CPV, 31–33 (see also Cytoplasmic
polyhedrosis viruses (CPV))
NPV, 31–35 (see also Nuclear
polyhedrosis viruses (NPV))
occluded viruses, 31
polyhedra, 31
genomic methods, 30
indirect evidence
Iridoviridae, 38, 40
isopod iridescent virus, 40
tumors in lepidoptera, 37–39
wasps with polydnaviruses, 35–37
molecular fossils, 30
paleovirology, 30
Viruses, 29–65
evolution, 30 (see also Viral evolution)
fossil record, 29–65 (see also Virus
fossils)
direct evidence, 30
indirect evidence, 30
Vizella, 83
Vladipteridae, 478
W
Wasps, see Hymenoptera
Watersnipe flies, 412, 414
See also Athericidae
Wedge-shaped beetle, 454
See also Ripiphoridae
Wenteltraps, 216
See also Epitoniidae
Whale lice, 349, 350
See also Amphipoda
Wheel animals, 284, 294, 295
See also Rotifera
Winterschmidtiidae, 327
Index