561
Shergoldana australensis, 256
Short rod-shaped cells, 43
Short-horned fly, 460
See also Eremochaetidae
Sierolomorphidae, 444, 484
Signiphoridae, 439
Silurian, 5, 11, 213, 241, 242, 247, 318, 367
Simuliidae, 255, 412
fossil record, 412
Sinanodonta woodiana, 185
Siphonaptera, 44, 407, 409, 410
evolution, 13
Mid-Mesozoic fleas, 407
evolution of parasitism, 390
fossil record, 13, 410
Ctenophthalmidae, 410
Hystrichopsyllidae, 410
Pseudopulicidae, 409
Pulicidae, 410
Rhopalopsyllidae, 410
Tarwiniidae, 409
as vectors for
coccobacilli, 44
Siricidae, 424, 464, 480
Siricoidea, 463, 480
Sleeping sickness, 415
Social parasitism, 385, 386, 390
Soft ticks, 12, 329
See also Argasidae
Soft tissue anatomy, 165, 180
Soft tissue preservation, 289
Solenophagy, 411
Solifugae, 318
Solitary Parasitoidism, 384
Solite Biota, 500
taphonomy, 501
Solmarisidae, 113
Solnhofen, 357
Spathiopterygidae, 434, 484
Spelaeorhychidae, 333
Spendidofilaria, 255
Sphaeridae, 177, 181
Sphaerolichida, 323
Sphaerospora, 136
Sphecidae, 386, 398, 444, 481, 484, 485
Spider flies, 458
See also Acroceridae
Spinturnicidae, 333
Spionidae, 240, 243
general aspects, 242
Spiralia, 234
Spirochetes, 41, 42
Sponges, 212, 219, 222
as hosts for
Cerithiopsidae, 212, 219–223
Triphoridae, 212, 219–223
Spongivorous gastropods, 212
Sporangia, 75
Spores, 84
Sporocarps, 87
Staphylinidae, 451
as parasitoids, 451, 470
fossil record, 470
Staphylinoidea, 418, 483–486
Stephanid wasps, 490
See also Stephanoidea
Stephanidae, 488, 490
biogeography, 490
fossil record, 488
phylogeny, 488
Stephaninae, 489, 490
Stephanoidea, 380, 429, 464, 484, 488, 500
as parasitoids, 380
Stigmaphronidae, 436, 484
Stingless bees, 48
Stolamissidae, 435
Stomata, 78
Stomatopod, 157
Strashilidae, 13
Streblidae, 60, 416
fossil record, 416
Strepsiptera, 389, 455, 456, 458
evolution of parasitoidism, 397
during MMPR, 500
as parasites
Mengenillidae, 456
as parasitoids, 483
Canadian Amber Biota, 483
Dominican Amber Biota, 486
Mengeidae, 456
Messel Biota, 485
Myanmar Amber Biota, 484
Post-MMPR expansion, 487
parasitoid proportion, 398
Streptacididae
fossil record, 225
Stylopidae, 423
Subfossils, 326, 331
Superparasitoidism, 384, 499
Suprabranchial chamber, 170
Symphrasinae, 450
fossil record, 450
Symphyta, 429
Synapsids, 6, 11, 13, 15
Synchrotron X-ray microtomography, 389
Syndermata, 256, 295
fossil record, 256–258
See also Rotifera; Acanthocephala
Index
Shergoldana australensis, 256
Short rod-shaped cells, 43
Short-horned fly, 460
See also Eremochaetidae
Sierolomorphidae, 444, 484
Signiphoridae, 439
Silurian, 5, 11, 213, 241, 242, 247, 318, 367
Simuliidae, 255, 412
fossil record, 412
Sinanodonta woodiana, 185
Siphonaptera, 44, 407, 409, 410
evolution, 13
Mid-Mesozoic fleas, 407
evolution of parasitism, 390
fossil record, 13, 410
Ctenophthalmidae, 410
Hystrichopsyllidae, 410
Pseudopulicidae, 409
Pulicidae, 410
Rhopalopsyllidae, 410
Tarwiniidae, 409
as vectors for
coccobacilli, 44
Siricidae, 424, 464, 480
Siricoidea, 463, 480
Sleeping sickness, 415
Social parasitism, 385, 386, 390
Soft ticks, 12, 329
See also Argasidae
Soft tissue anatomy, 165, 180
Soft tissue preservation, 289
Solenophagy, 411
Solifugae, 318
Solitary Parasitoidism, 384
Solite Biota, 500
taphonomy, 501
Solmarisidae, 113
Solnhofen, 357
Spathiopterygidae, 434, 484
Spelaeorhychidae, 333
Spendidofilaria, 255
Sphaeridae, 177, 181
Sphaerolichida, 323
Sphaerospora, 136
Sphecidae, 386, 398, 444, 481, 484, 485
Spider flies, 458
See also Acroceridae
Spinturnicidae, 333
Spionidae, 240, 243
general aspects, 242
Spiralia, 234
Spirochetes, 41, 42
Sponges, 212, 219, 222
as hosts for
Cerithiopsidae, 212, 219–223
Triphoridae, 212, 219–223
Spongivorous gastropods, 212
Sporangia, 75
Spores, 84
Sporocarps, 87
Staphylinidae, 451
as parasitoids, 451, 470
fossil record, 470
Staphylinoidea, 418, 483–486
Stephanid wasps, 490
See also Stephanoidea
Stephanidae, 488, 490
biogeography, 490
fossil record, 488
phylogeny, 488
Stephaninae, 489, 490
Stephanoidea, 380, 429, 464, 484, 488, 500
as parasitoids, 380
Stigmaphronidae, 436, 484
Stingless bees, 48
Stolamissidae, 435
Stomata, 78
Stomatopod, 157
Strashilidae, 13
Streblidae, 60, 416
fossil record, 416
Strepsiptera, 389, 455, 456, 458
evolution of parasitoidism, 397
during MMPR, 500
as parasites
Mengenillidae, 456
as parasitoids, 483
Canadian Amber Biota, 483
Dominican Amber Biota, 486
Mengeidae, 456
Messel Biota, 485
Myanmar Amber Biota, 484
Post-MMPR expansion, 487
parasitoid proportion, 398
Streptacididae
fossil record, 225
Stylopidae, 423
Subfossils, 326, 331
Superparasitoidism, 384, 499
Suprabranchial chamber, 170
Symphrasinae, 450
fossil record, 450
Symphyta, 429
Synapsids, 6, 11, 13, 15
Synchrotron X-ray microtomography, 389
Syndermata, 256, 295
fossil record, 256–258
See also Rotifera; Acanthocephala
Index