558
Pentastomida, 10, 11, 233, 244–245
evolution, 366
fossil record, 244, 245, 367
Cambrian-Ordovician larvae, 244
putative Silurian adult, 244
general aspects, 365
phylogenetic position, 367
Percidae, 186, 187
Perciformes, 187
Perigonella, 113
Perilampidae, 439
Permian, 12, 129, 211, 213, 224, 225, 248,
335, 353, 354
Permian actinomycete, 46, 47
Permineralized peat, 74
Phacomyiidae, 461
Phasmatodea, 466
Phlebotomidae, 32, 33
as hosts for
leishmanial parasites, 49
nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), 32
Phlebotominae, 412
Phoresis, 180
See also Phoresy
Phoresy, 406
definition, 336
fossil record, 337
acariform mites, 337
astigmatan mites, 337
mesostigmatid mites, 337
oribatid mites, 337
parasitiform mites, 337
in freshwater mussels, 182, 186, 190
in mites, 336, 337
Phoridae, 425, 458, 460, 461, 483, 484, 486
Phosphannulus, 242
Phosphatization, 177
Photorhabdus luminescens, 40
Phthanoxenidae, 421, 483
Phthiraptera, 380, 394, 402–404, 499
Amblycera, 403
Anoplura, 403
clades, 402
Amblycera, 403
Anoplura, 403
Ischnocera, 403
Rhyncophthirina, 403
evolution, 13
fossil record, 403, 499
general aspects, 392
molecular divergence time estimates, 402
sister group, 402
Phylactolaemata, 129, 131
as hosts for
Myxozoa, 130
Phyllocarids, 300
as hosts for
acanthocephalans, 300
Phytoseiodea, 317, 332
Pinworms, 6, 19
See also Oxyurida
Pipunculidae, 460, 461, 484, 486
Piroplasmid parasites, 61, 62
fossil record
Paleohaimatus calabresi, 62
Planidium larva, 378, 462, 497, 500
phylogenetic distribution, 497
Planthopper parasite moths, 462
See also Epipyropidae
Plant–insect interactions, 391
Plant parasitic nematodes, 251
Platyceratidae, 213
Platygastridae, 435, 484, 486
Platygastroidea, 465
Platyhelminthes
evolution of parasitism, 245
fossil record, 458
as hosts for
dipteran parasitoids, 458
Pleciofungivoridae, 478
Plectida, 251
Pleistocene, 324
Plesiosaurs, 16
Pleurobemini, 171, 175
Pliensbachian, 477
Pliocene, 169, 187, 417
Plumariidae, 442
Polar capsules, 121
Polyacanthocephalans, 300
Polyctenidae, 404, 405
Polydnaviruses, 30, 31, 35–37, 64
host damage, 64
Polyhedra, 31
Polypodium
binucleate stages, 120
body plan, 119
evolution of parasitism, 138
free-living stage, 114, 133
fusion, 117
gonads, 140
infections, 116
life cycle, 115, 133
life history, 118
morphology, 118–119
nematocysts, 117
parasitic larval stages, 114
sexual stages, 122
Polypteridae, 188
Polypteriformes, 187, 188
Polystomatidae, 232
Index
Pentastomida, 10, 11, 233, 244–245
evolution, 366
fossil record, 244, 245, 367
Cambrian-Ordovician larvae, 244
putative Silurian adult, 244
general aspects, 365
phylogenetic position, 367
Percidae, 186, 187
Perciformes, 187
Perigonella, 113
Perilampidae, 439
Permian, 12, 129, 211, 213, 224, 225, 248,
335, 353, 354
Permian actinomycete, 46, 47
Permineralized peat, 74
Phacomyiidae, 461
Phasmatodea, 466
Phlebotomidae, 32, 33
as hosts for
leishmanial parasites, 49
nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), 32
Phlebotominae, 412
Phoresis, 180
See also Phoresy
Phoresy, 406
definition, 336
fossil record, 337
acariform mites, 337
astigmatan mites, 337
mesostigmatid mites, 337
oribatid mites, 337
parasitiform mites, 337
in freshwater mussels, 182, 186, 190
in mites, 336, 337
Phoridae, 425, 458, 460, 461, 483, 484, 486
Phosphannulus, 242
Phosphatization, 177
Photorhabdus luminescens, 40
Phthanoxenidae, 421, 483
Phthiraptera, 380, 394, 402–404, 499
Amblycera, 403
Anoplura, 403
clades, 402
Amblycera, 403
Anoplura, 403
Ischnocera, 403
Rhyncophthirina, 403
evolution, 13
fossil record, 403, 499
general aspects, 392
molecular divergence time estimates, 402
sister group, 402
Phylactolaemata, 129, 131
as hosts for
Myxozoa, 130
Phyllocarids, 300
as hosts for
acanthocephalans, 300
Phytoseiodea, 317, 332
Pinworms, 6, 19
See also Oxyurida
Pipunculidae, 460, 461, 484, 486
Piroplasmid parasites, 61, 62
fossil record
Paleohaimatus calabresi, 62
Planidium larva, 378, 462, 497, 500
phylogenetic distribution, 497
Planthopper parasite moths, 462
See also Epipyropidae
Plant–insect interactions, 391
Plant parasitic nematodes, 251
Platyceratidae, 213
Platygastridae, 435, 484, 486
Platygastroidea, 465
Platyhelminthes
evolution of parasitism, 245
fossil record, 458
as hosts for
dipteran parasitoids, 458
Pleciofungivoridae, 478
Plectida, 251
Pleistocene, 324
Plesiosaurs, 16
Pleurobemini, 171, 175
Pliensbachian, 477
Pliocene, 169, 187, 417
Plumariidae, 442
Polar capsules, 121
Polyacanthocephalans, 300
Polyctenidae, 404, 405
Polydnaviruses, 30, 31, 35–37, 64
host damage, 64
Polyhedra, 31
Polypodium
binucleate stages, 120
body plan, 119
evolution of parasitism, 138
free-living stage, 114, 133
fusion, 117
gonads, 140
infections, 116
life cycle, 115, 133
life history, 118
morphology, 118–119
nematocysts, 117
parasitic larval stages, 114
sexual stages, 122
Polypteridae, 188
Polypteriformes, 187, 188
Polystomatidae, 232
Index