553
lice, 13
louse flies, 415
nematodes, 5
ticks, 11, 335
unionid fish hosts, 188
unionids, 188
vertebrate hosts of acanthocephalans,
298
Molecular fossils, 30
Mollusca, 4
as hosts for
dipteran parasitoids, 480
pyramidellid gastropods, 210
trematodes, 4 (see also Trematoda)
as parasites
Bivalvia, 155 (see also Parasitic
bivalves)
Gastropoda, 210–226 (see also
Parasitic gastropods)
Molteno Biota, 478, 482
taphonomy, 483
Molteno Formation, 478
age, 478
Monogenea, 8
evolution, 245
fossil record, 8, 245
general aspects, 8
Monogynaspida, 332
Monomachidae, 433
Montacutidae, 163
Mormotomyia hirsuta, 414
Mormotomyiidae, 414
Moth flies, 412
See also Phlebotominae
Moths, 446, 447
See also Lepidoptera
Multiparasitoidism, 499
Muscidae, 398, 414
Muscomorpha, 424, 485
Mutillidae, 443, 486
Myanmar Amber
age, 486
source, 486
See also Burmese Amber
Myanmar Amber Biota, 486, 488
Myanmarinidae, 430, 484
Mycetophagites atrebora, 89
Mycetophilidae, 398, 423, 458, 462
Mycetopodidae, 166, 168, 174, 176
Mycoloop, 90
Mycoparasite, 87
Mycoparasitism, 86
Mycophagy, 254, 455
Mycoses, 90
Mymaridae, 439, 484–486
Mymarommatidae, 436, 484
Mymarommatoidea, 436, 464, 465, 484
fossil record, 488
Myobiidae, 324
Myobioidea, 317, 324
Myrmecolacidae, 422, 456, 485, 486
Myrmecophile, 400
Myrmozercon, 333
Mystacinobia zelandica, 417
Mystacinobiidae, 417
Myxobolus cerebralis, 127
Myxosporea, 114, 116
life cycle, 115
molecular divergence time estimates, 131
Myxospores, 116
fossilization potential, 122
Myxoworms, 116, 117
Myxozoa, 110
actinospore-/malacospore, 131
adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, 140
ancestral host, 133
cryptic dormant stages, 122
diversity, 141
epithelia, 120
evolution of parasitism, 138
fossilization potential
host responses, 127
myxospores, 123
polar capsules, 123
spores in coprolites, 127
host range, 114
invertebrate hosts, 133
life history, 118–119
miniaturisation, 139
molecular divergence time estimates,
125, 131
morphology, 117–119
radiation, 127, 133, 142
Myzostomida, 233, 234, 240, 241
fossil record, 242
galls, 242
general aspects, 241
N
Nadipteridae, 478
Narcomedusae, 112
Nasutiacaridae, 326
Nasutiacaroidea, 326
Necrotrophs, 70
Nematocera, 32
Nematocerous flies, 410, 412
See also Nematocera
Index
lice, 13
louse flies, 415
nematodes, 5
ticks, 11, 335
unionid fish hosts, 188
unionids, 188
vertebrate hosts of acanthocephalans,
298
Molecular fossils, 30
Mollusca, 4
as hosts for
dipteran parasitoids, 480
pyramidellid gastropods, 210
trematodes, 4 (see also Trematoda)
as parasites
Bivalvia, 155 (see also Parasitic
bivalves)
Gastropoda, 210–226 (see also
Parasitic gastropods)
Molteno Biota, 478, 482
taphonomy, 483
Molteno Formation, 478
age, 478
Monogenea, 8
evolution, 245
fossil record, 8, 245
general aspects, 8
Monogynaspida, 332
Monomachidae, 433
Montacutidae, 163
Mormotomyia hirsuta, 414
Mormotomyiidae, 414
Moth flies, 412
See also Phlebotominae
Moths, 446, 447
See also Lepidoptera
Multiparasitoidism, 499
Muscidae, 398, 414
Muscomorpha, 424, 485
Mutillidae, 443, 486
Myanmar Amber
age, 486
source, 486
See also Burmese Amber
Myanmar Amber Biota, 486, 488
Myanmarinidae, 430, 484
Mycetophagites atrebora, 89
Mycetophilidae, 398, 423, 458, 462
Mycetopodidae, 166, 168, 174, 176
Mycoloop, 90
Mycoparasite, 87
Mycoparasitism, 86
Mycophagy, 254, 455
Mycoses, 90
Mymaridae, 439, 484–486
Mymarommatidae, 436, 484
Mymarommatoidea, 436, 464, 465, 484
fossil record, 488
Myobiidae, 324
Myobioidea, 317, 324
Myrmecolacidae, 422, 456, 485, 486
Myrmecophile, 400
Myrmozercon, 333
Mystacinobia zelandica, 417
Mystacinobiidae, 417
Myxobolus cerebralis, 127
Myxosporea, 114, 116
life cycle, 115
molecular divergence time estimates, 131
Myxospores, 116
fossilization potential, 122
Myxoworms, 116, 117
Myxozoa, 110
actinospore-/malacospore, 131
adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, 140
ancestral host, 133
cryptic dormant stages, 122
diversity, 141
epithelia, 120
evolution of parasitism, 138
fossilization potential
host responses, 127
myxospores, 123
polar capsules, 123
spores in coprolites, 127
host range, 114
invertebrate hosts, 133
life history, 118–119
miniaturisation, 139
molecular divergence time estimates,
125, 131
morphology, 117–119
radiation, 127, 133, 142
Myzostomida, 233, 234, 240, 241
fossil record, 242
galls, 242
general aspects, 241
N
Nadipteridae, 478
Narcomedusae, 112
Nasutiacaridae, 326
Nasutiacaroidea, 326
Necrotrophs, 70
Nematocera, 32
Nematocerous flies, 410, 412
See also Nematocera
Index