552
Mengeidae, 456, 457
fossil record, 456
Mengenillidae, 422, 456, 457
fossil record, 456
Mermithida, 253
Mermithidae, 253, 256, 338
Mesembrinellidae, 416, 417, 446
Mesomycetozoea (Opisthokonta), 90
Mesoserphidae, 433, 480–482
Mesostigmata, 317, 331–334, 336, 337
general aspects, 332
as parasites, 338
Mesozoic, 12–14, 16, 84, 90, 129, 169, 187,
189, 210, 219, 224, 225, 241, 252,
255, 257, 338, 377–501
Messel Biota, 485, 486
food web structure, 498
taphonomy, 483
Messinian, 486
Metastriata, 335
See also Ixodidae
Mexican amber, 37, 38
Microbes, 29
MicroCT, 10, 18
See also Computed tomography
Microdispidae, 325
Microfilarials, 7
Microfossils, 18, 301
Microgynioidea, 337
Microhabitats, 2
Microorganisms, 29
Microphagy, 458
Microsporidia, 71
Mid-Mesozoic fleas, 408–410
See also Giant Jurassic Fleas
Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution
(MMPR), 477
adaptations to parasitoidism, 470, 471
biological organization, 498
effects on food web structure, 471, 473
definition, 380
diversity analyses, 497, 498
ecological restructuring, 498
evidence for parasitoidism, 390, 470
host-range evolution, 498
impact on food webs, 468, 472
insect Faunas After, 482
Canadian Amber, 484, 485
Dominican Amber, 486
Messel Biota, 485, 486
Myanmar Amber Biota, 485, 486, 488
insect Faunas Before, 479
Beishan Formation, 478
Coleoptera, 479
Cow Branch Formation, 478
Diptera, 478, 479
Hymenoptera, 479
Madygen Formation, 478
Molteno Formation, 478
Shangtu Formation, 478
insect Faunas during, 479
Jiulongshan Formation (Yanliao Biota),
479, 480, 482
Karabastau Formation (Karatau Biota),
480, 481
Purbeck Limestone Group (Purbeck
Biota), 481
Yixian Formation (Jehol Biota),
481, 482
key innovations, 498, 500, 501
main insect lineages, 487
Evanioidea (ensign wasps), 492,
494, 496
Stephanoidea (stephanid wasps),
488, 490
phases
1, 488, 496, 500
2, 484, 496, 500
3, 488, 500
4, 482, 488
top-down control in modern ecosystems,
471, 473–477
Midgut cells, 31, 49
Miocene, 13, 330, 331, 357
Mites, 320
acariform mites, 336 (see also
Acariformes)
parasitiform mites, 336 (see also
Parasitiformes)
See also Acari
MMPR, 477
See also Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid
Revolution (MMPR)
Modern terrestrial food webs, 500
Molecular divergence time estimates, 126,
258, 259, 349
calibration, 139
cophylogenetic studies, 136
Endocnidozoa, 123, 135
Eucestoda, 258
Fungi, 89
general pitfalls, 134–138
extinctions, 134
host switching, 134
limited sampling, 135
helminths, 258
host constraints, 258, 259
Hymenoptera, 478
Index
Mengeidae, 456, 457
fossil record, 456
Mengenillidae, 422, 456, 457
fossil record, 456
Mermithida, 253
Mermithidae, 253, 256, 338
Mesembrinellidae, 416, 417, 446
Mesomycetozoea (Opisthokonta), 90
Mesoserphidae, 433, 480–482
Mesostigmata, 317, 331–334, 336, 337
general aspects, 332
as parasites, 338
Mesozoic, 12–14, 16, 84, 90, 129, 169, 187,
189, 210, 219, 224, 225, 241, 252,
255, 257, 338, 377–501
Messel Biota, 485, 486
food web structure, 498
taphonomy, 483
Messinian, 486
Metastriata, 335
See also Ixodidae
Mexican amber, 37, 38
Microbes, 29
MicroCT, 10, 18
See also Computed tomography
Microdispidae, 325
Microfilarials, 7
Microfossils, 18, 301
Microgynioidea, 337
Microhabitats, 2
Microorganisms, 29
Microphagy, 458
Microsporidia, 71
Mid-Mesozoic fleas, 408–410
See also Giant Jurassic Fleas
Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution
(MMPR), 477
adaptations to parasitoidism, 470, 471
biological organization, 498
effects on food web structure, 471, 473
definition, 380
diversity analyses, 497, 498
ecological restructuring, 498
evidence for parasitoidism, 390, 470
host-range evolution, 498
impact on food webs, 468, 472
insect Faunas After, 482
Canadian Amber, 484, 485
Dominican Amber, 486
Messel Biota, 485, 486
Myanmar Amber Biota, 485, 486, 488
insect Faunas Before, 479
Beishan Formation, 478
Coleoptera, 479
Cow Branch Formation, 478
Diptera, 478, 479
Hymenoptera, 479
Madygen Formation, 478
Molteno Formation, 478
Shangtu Formation, 478
insect Faunas during, 479
Jiulongshan Formation (Yanliao Biota),
479, 480, 482
Karabastau Formation (Karatau Biota),
480, 481
Purbeck Limestone Group (Purbeck
Biota), 481
Yixian Formation (Jehol Biota),
481, 482
key innovations, 498, 500, 501
main insect lineages, 487
Evanioidea (ensign wasps), 492,
494, 496
Stephanoidea (stephanid wasps),
488, 490
phases
1, 488, 496, 500
2, 484, 496, 500
3, 488, 500
4, 482, 488
top-down control in modern ecosystems,
471, 473–477
Midgut cells, 31, 49
Miocene, 13, 330, 331, 357
Mites, 320
acariform mites, 336 (see also
Acariformes)
parasitiform mites, 336 (see also
Parasitiformes)
See also Acari
MMPR, 477
See also Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid
Revolution (MMPR)
Modern terrestrial food webs, 500
Molecular divergence time estimates, 126,
258, 259, 349
calibration, 139
cophylogenetic studies, 136
Endocnidozoa, 123, 135
Eucestoda, 258
Fungi, 89
general pitfalls, 134–138
extinctions, 134
host switching, 134
limited sampling, 135
helminths, 258
host constraints, 258, 259
Hymenoptera, 478
Index