551
Lepidoptera, 37–39
as hosts for
Mantispidae, 450
Sphecidae, 481
tumors, 37
as parasites
Erebidae, 446
as parasitoids, 452
Dominican Amber Biota, 486
Epipyropidae, 462
Post-MMPR expansion, 487
Lepisosteidae, 188
Lepistosteiformes, 187–189
Leptoconops nosopheris, 51, 52
Leucospidae, 438, 486
Lice, 12, 13
See also Phthiraptera
Lichens, 70
Limoniidae, 478, 479
Lingula spp., 158
as hosts for
Galeommatoidea, 158
Liopteridae, 435, 484
Liposcelididae, 400, 402
fossil record, 402
Long branch attraction, 137
Lophotrochozoa, 128, 234
origins, 128
Louse flies, 415
See also Hippoboscidae
Lulworth Formation, 481
See also Purbeck Biota
Lutetian, 244
Lychnocolacidae, 422
Lyme disease, 41, 329
M
Maamingidae, 433
Maastrichtian, 218, 258
Macrodinychidae, 332
Macronyssidae, 333
Macrophtalmus, 158
as hosts for
Galeommatoidea, 158
Madygen Biota, 496, 500
taphonomy, 482
Madygen Formation, 478
age, 478
Magilus, 218
Maimetshidae, 431
Malacosporea, 114, 116, 117, 129
host range, 116
life cycle, 115
molecular divergence time estimates, 131
Malacospores, 116
Malaria parasite
development, 57, 58
oocysts, 54, 59
sporozoites, 54, 59
fossil record, 54
Paleohaemoproteus in
Protoculicoides, 412
Plasmodium in Culex, 59
Vetufebrus in Enischnomyia,
59, 60, 416
types, 54
Mametshidae, 484
Mammals, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 53, 62, 63, 93,
114, 244, 255, 274, 279, 284–286,
301, 317, 324, 325, 329, 331,
333–336, 358, 386, 390, 400,
402–410, 415–417, 425, 427, 446,
447, 460, 499
Mandibulata, 274, 279, 295, 300
Mange mites, 327
Manitherionyssidae, 333
Mantid flies, 337, 450
See also Mantispidae
Mantispidae, 339, 470
fossil record, 482
Mantispinae, 450
fossil record, 450
Maotianshan Shales, 239
See also Chengjiang Biota
Margaritifera margaritifera, 171, 184, 185
Margaritiferidae, 171, 176
divergence time estimates, 173
Marsupia, 164, 166, 170, 171
definition, 163–164
Mastotermes electrodominicus, 42
Mathildidae, 219
fossil record, 219
Mathildoidea, 219
Maxillopoda, 361
Mecoptera, 407
Medusozoa, 111, 114
fossil record, 125
Meekospira, 225
Megalyridae, 430, 481, 484
Megalyroidea, 430, 464, 481, 484
Megaspilidae, 436, 484
Megaspore, 77
Meliola ellisii, 89
Meloidae, 406, 453
fossil record, 406, 455
life cycle, 406
as parasitoids, 406
Index
Lepidoptera, 37–39
as hosts for
Mantispidae, 450
Sphecidae, 481
tumors, 37
as parasites
Erebidae, 446
as parasitoids, 452
Dominican Amber Biota, 486
Epipyropidae, 462
Post-MMPR expansion, 487
Lepisosteidae, 188
Lepistosteiformes, 187–189
Leptoconops nosopheris, 51, 52
Leucospidae, 438, 486
Lice, 12, 13
See also Phthiraptera
Lichens, 70
Limoniidae, 478, 479
Lingula spp., 158
as hosts for
Galeommatoidea, 158
Liopteridae, 435, 484
Liposcelididae, 400, 402
fossil record, 402
Long branch attraction, 137
Lophotrochozoa, 128, 234
origins, 128
Louse flies, 415
See also Hippoboscidae
Lulworth Formation, 481
See also Purbeck Biota
Lutetian, 244
Lychnocolacidae, 422
Lyme disease, 41, 329
M
Maamingidae, 433
Maastrichtian, 218, 258
Macrodinychidae, 332
Macronyssidae, 333
Macrophtalmus, 158
as hosts for
Galeommatoidea, 158
Madygen Biota, 496, 500
taphonomy, 482
Madygen Formation, 478
age, 478
Magilus, 218
Maimetshidae, 431
Malacosporea, 114, 116, 117, 129
host range, 116
life cycle, 115
molecular divergence time estimates, 131
Malacospores, 116
Malaria parasite
development, 57, 58
oocysts, 54, 59
sporozoites, 54, 59
fossil record, 54
Paleohaemoproteus in
Protoculicoides, 412
Plasmodium in Culex, 59
Vetufebrus in Enischnomyia,
59, 60, 416
types, 54
Mametshidae, 484
Mammals, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 53, 62, 63, 93,
114, 244, 255, 274, 279, 284–286,
301, 317, 324, 325, 329, 331,
333–336, 358, 386, 390, 400,
402–410, 415–417, 425, 427, 446,
447, 460, 499
Mandibulata, 274, 279, 295, 300
Mange mites, 327
Manitherionyssidae, 333
Mantid flies, 337, 450
See also Mantispidae
Mantispidae, 339, 470
fossil record, 482
Mantispinae, 450
fossil record, 450
Maotianshan Shales, 239
See also Chengjiang Biota
Margaritifera margaritifera, 171, 184, 185
Margaritiferidae, 171, 176
divergence time estimates, 173
Marsupia, 164, 166, 170, 171
definition, 163–164
Mastotermes electrodominicus, 42
Mathildidae, 219
fossil record, 219
Mathildoidea, 219
Maxillopoda, 361
Mecoptera, 407
Medusozoa, 111, 114
fossil record, 125
Meekospira, 225
Megalyridae, 430, 481, 484
Megalyroidea, 430, 464, 481, 484
Megaspilidae, 436, 484
Megaspore, 77
Meliola ellisii, 89
Meloidae, 406, 453
fossil record, 406, 455
life cycle, 406
as parasitoids, 406
Index