550
Isopoda, 351–357
feeding strategies, 352
evolution, 353–356
evolution of parasitism, 9, 353
fossil record, 356
general aspects, 351
molecular estimations, 355
as parasites
Cymothoidae, 352
Epicaridea, 352
Isoptera, 42
as hosts for
filamentous intestinal bacterial
spores, 42
spirochetes, 42
Isthmospora spinosa, 89
Ithyceridae, 37, 466
as hosts for
polydnaviruses, 35
Ixodes, 331
Ixodida, 317, 328–331
evolution of host associations, 335
evolution of parasitism, 335
fossilization potential, 12
fossil record, 11–12, 329, 330
Argasidae, 331
Deinocrotonidae, 329
Ixodidae, 329–331
general aspects, 328
life cycle, 328
sister group, 328
as vectors for
piroplasmid parasites, 62
rickettsial pathogens, 42, 44
Ixodidae, 329, 330, 335
fossil record, 329
Ixodorhynchidae, 333
J
Jehol Biota, 481, 500
taphonomy, 482
See also Yixian Formation
Jiulongshan Formation, 479
Jurassic, 9, 10, 13, 14, 179, 211, 218, 224,
225, 241–243, 249, 324, 339,
353–357, 361, 363
Jurassic Eophasma jurasicum, 249
K
Kabatarina pattersoni, 9, 360
Kanthyloma crusta, 357, 358
Karabastau Formation, 480
Karatau Biota, 480, 481
taphonomy, 480
See also Karabastau Formation
Karatavitidae, 480
Keratocytes, 182
Kimmeridgian, 424, 433, 480
Kinetocodium, 113
Kinzelbachillidae, 422, 483
Kissing bugs, 51
See also Triatominae
Kleptoparasitism, 213, 348
Koinobiont parasitoidism, 384, 385
Konservat-Lagerstätte, 179
Chengjiang Biota, 239
Doushantuo Formation, 237
Lantian biota, 237
Kudoa, 130
infection, 130
Kurtiella pedroana, 189
L
Laboulbeniales, 91
Lacunar system, 291
Ladinian, 477, 478
Laelapidae, 333
La Meseta Formation, 244
age, 244
Lampreys, 126
Lampsilini, 166, 172
Lampsilis reeveiana glochidia, 184
Land plants
fungal distribution, 82
as hosts for
epiphyllous fungi, 83
fungal parasites, 77
host plant preservation, 82
structural alterations, 80, 81
woody plants, 81, 82
Larsonia, 113
Larval Parasitoidism, 385
Lasaeidae, 160
Lasidium, 168, 175
Last common ancestor (LCA), 297, 298
Law of behavioral fixity, 36
Leaf miner–parasitoid community, 378
Leaf mines, 391
Leaf spot disease, 84
Leiodidae, 405
fossil record, 378
Leishmanial parasite, 49, 50
Leishmaniasis, 412
Lepidocaris rhyniensis, 90
Lepidodendrales, 75
Index
Isopoda, 351–357
feeding strategies, 352
evolution, 353–356
evolution of parasitism, 9, 353
fossil record, 356
general aspects, 351
molecular estimations, 355
as parasites
Cymothoidae, 352
Epicaridea, 352
Isoptera, 42
as hosts for
filamentous intestinal bacterial
spores, 42
spirochetes, 42
Isthmospora spinosa, 89
Ithyceridae, 37, 466
as hosts for
polydnaviruses, 35
Ixodes, 331
Ixodida, 317, 328–331
evolution of host associations, 335
evolution of parasitism, 335
fossilization potential, 12
fossil record, 11–12, 329, 330
Argasidae, 331
Deinocrotonidae, 329
Ixodidae, 329–331
general aspects, 328
life cycle, 328
sister group, 328
as vectors for
piroplasmid parasites, 62
rickettsial pathogens, 42, 44
Ixodidae, 329, 330, 335
fossil record, 329
Ixodorhynchidae, 333
J
Jehol Biota, 481, 500
taphonomy, 482
See also Yixian Formation
Jiulongshan Formation, 479
Jurassic, 9, 10, 13, 14, 179, 211, 218, 224,
225, 241–243, 249, 324, 339,
353–357, 361, 363
Jurassic Eophasma jurasicum, 249
K
Kabatarina pattersoni, 9, 360
Kanthyloma crusta, 357, 358
Karabastau Formation, 480
Karatau Biota, 480, 481
taphonomy, 480
See also Karabastau Formation
Karatavitidae, 480
Keratocytes, 182
Kimmeridgian, 424, 433, 480
Kinetocodium, 113
Kinzelbachillidae, 422, 483
Kissing bugs, 51
See also Triatominae
Kleptoparasitism, 213, 348
Koinobiont parasitoidism, 384, 385
Konservat-Lagerstätte, 179
Chengjiang Biota, 239
Doushantuo Formation, 237
Lantian biota, 237
Kudoa, 130
infection, 130
Kurtiella pedroana, 189
L
Laboulbeniales, 91
Lacunar system, 291
Ladinian, 477, 478
Laelapidae, 333
La Meseta Formation, 244
age, 244
Lampreys, 126
Lampsilini, 166, 172
Lampsilis reeveiana glochidia, 184
Land plants
fungal distribution, 82
as hosts for
epiphyllous fungi, 83
fungal parasites, 77
host plant preservation, 82
structural alterations, 80, 81
woody plants, 81, 82
Larsonia, 113
Larval Parasitoidism, 385
Lasaeidae, 160
Lasidium, 168, 175
Last common ancestor (LCA), 297, 298
Law of behavioral fixity, 36
Leaf miner–parasitoid community, 378
Leaf mines, 391
Leaf spot disease, 84
Leiodidae, 405
fossil record, 378
Leishmanial parasite, 49, 50
Leishmaniasis, 412
Lepidocaris rhyniensis, 90
Lepidodendrales, 75
Index