549
I
Ibaliidae, 434
Ichneumonidae, 339
as hosts for
Polydnaviruses, 35
Ichneumonoidea, 465
Ichnovirus, 36
Ichthyosaurs, 16, 283
Ichthyostraca, 244
Idiobiont parasitoidism, 384
Igloo-shaped concretions, 5
Illmanomyces corniger, 88
Inquicus fellatus, 289
Inquilinism, 64
Inquilism, 386
Insecta
as cleptoparasites, 463
dietary-guild originations, 396
evolution of parasitism, 498
evolution of parasitoidism, 498
as hosts for
Hymenoptera, 463
parasitoids, 463
as parasites, 414, 417 (see also Parasitic
insects)
Blattodea (fossil), 397, 399
Chironomidae, 485
Chironomoidea, 485
Coleoptera, 379, 389, 397
Culicoidea, 410
Dermaptera, 397
Diptera, 410, 412
Hemiptera, 397, 404
Hippoboscoidea, 410
Lepidoptera, 462
Oestroidea, 414
Psychodoidea, 412
Reduviidae, 404
Siphonaptera, 408, 410
Tabanoidea, 410
as parasitoids
Coleoptera, 441, 455
Diptera, 410, 458
Hymenoptera, 468
Lepidoptera, 446, 462
Neuroptera, 450
Strepsiptera, 455
Trichoptera, 462
as social parasites, 385
Diptera, 410
Hymenoptera, 463
Phlebotominae, 412
as vectors
parasitic nematodes, 7
Phlebotominae, 412
Insect parasitoids
Coleoptera, 379, 449, 500
definition, 380, 381
Diptera, 378, 379, 391, 449, 451, 460,
474, 500
distribution, 379
evidence in fossil record
biomolecular data, 388
coprolites, 393
gut contents, 392
host tissue damage, 390, 391
plant–insect interactions, 391
sedimentary ichnological, 393, 394
structural/functional attributes,
389, 390
taxonomic affiliation, 388, 389
evolutionary and ecological biology, 394,
395, 397
evolutionary shifts, 398
food webs structure, 378, 471, 473, 498
forest food webs, 475
fossil record
Epipyropidae, 463
Ichneumonidae, 339
Meloidae, 406
Mengeidae, 483
general criteria, 445, 449
host-range evolution
from generalist to specialist, 498
from specialist to generalist, 498
Hymenoptera, 378–380, 449, 450,
461, 500
larval biologies, 418
Lepidoptera, 379, 449
macroevolutionary patterns, 379
Messel lake, 475
MMPR, 468 (see also Mid-Mesozoic
Parasitoid Revolution
(MMPR))
Neuroptera, 379, 449
Strepsiptera, 379, 391, 449, 500
Trichoptera, 449
Interfungal interactions, 86
Invavita piratica, 11
Iotonchidae, 254
Iphiopsididae, 333
Iridoviridae, 38, 40
Iridoviruses, 38, 40
See also Iridoviridae
Ishnocera, 404
Isogamy, 140
Index
I
Ibaliidae, 434
Ichneumonidae, 339
as hosts for
Polydnaviruses, 35
Ichneumonoidea, 465
Ichnovirus, 36
Ichthyosaurs, 16, 283
Ichthyostraca, 244
Idiobiont parasitoidism, 384
Igloo-shaped concretions, 5
Illmanomyces corniger, 88
Inquicus fellatus, 289
Inquilinism, 64
Inquilism, 386
Insecta
as cleptoparasites, 463
dietary-guild originations, 396
evolution of parasitism, 498
evolution of parasitoidism, 498
as hosts for
Hymenoptera, 463
parasitoids, 463
as parasites, 414, 417 (see also Parasitic
insects)
Blattodea (fossil), 397, 399
Chironomidae, 485
Chironomoidea, 485
Coleoptera, 379, 389, 397
Culicoidea, 410
Dermaptera, 397
Diptera, 410, 412
Hemiptera, 397, 404
Hippoboscoidea, 410
Lepidoptera, 462
Oestroidea, 414
Psychodoidea, 412
Reduviidae, 404
Siphonaptera, 408, 410
Tabanoidea, 410
as parasitoids
Coleoptera, 441, 455
Diptera, 410, 458
Hymenoptera, 468
Lepidoptera, 446, 462
Neuroptera, 450
Strepsiptera, 455
Trichoptera, 462
as social parasites, 385
Diptera, 410
Hymenoptera, 463
Phlebotominae, 412
as vectors
parasitic nematodes, 7
Phlebotominae, 412
Insect parasitoids
Coleoptera, 379, 449, 500
definition, 380, 381
Diptera, 378, 379, 391, 449, 451, 460,
474, 500
distribution, 379
evidence in fossil record
biomolecular data, 388
coprolites, 393
gut contents, 392
host tissue damage, 390, 391
plant–insect interactions, 391
sedimentary ichnological, 393, 394
structural/functional attributes,
389, 390
taxonomic affiliation, 388, 389
evolutionary and ecological biology, 394,
395, 397
evolutionary shifts, 398
food webs structure, 378, 471, 473, 498
forest food webs, 475
fossil record
Epipyropidae, 463
Ichneumonidae, 339
Meloidae, 406
Mengeidae, 483
general criteria, 445, 449
host-range evolution
from generalist to specialist, 498
from specialist to generalist, 498
Hymenoptera, 378–380, 449, 450,
461, 500
larval biologies, 418
Lepidoptera, 379, 449
macroevolutionary patterns, 379
Messel lake, 475
MMPR, 468 (see also Mid-Mesozoic
Parasitoid Revolution
(MMPR))
Neuroptera, 379, 449
Strepsiptera, 379, 391, 449, 500
Trichoptera, 449
Interfungal interactions, 86
Invavita piratica, 11
Iotonchidae, 254
Iphiopsididae, 333
Iridoviridae, 38, 40
Iridoviruses, 38, 40
See also Iridoviridae
Ishnocera, 404
Isogamy, 140
Index