547
Coralliophilinae, 217
Donaldinidae, 225
Epitoniidae, 216
Eulimidae, 215
Meekospiridae, 225
Platyceratidae/Orthonychiidae, 213
Pseudozygopleuridae, 225
Pyramidellidae, 218
Streptacididae, 225
Triphoridae, 219
Gelichiidae, 39
Genomic methods, 30
Giant Jurassic fleas, 13
See also Mid-Mesozoic fleas
Glochidium, 167, 168, 185
types, 179
hooked, 185
hookless, 168
encapsulation, 168, 182–184
fossil record, 177
inflammatory response in fish, 183
metamorphosis, 156, 184, 185
Glomeromycota, 80
spores, 80, 86, 93
vesicles, 86
Glossinidae, 415
fossil record, 416
Glycocalyx, 121
Glycyphagoidea, 317, 327
Gnathifera, 234, 257, 299–301
fossil record, 257
phylogenetic relationships, 294
Gnathiidae, 9, 352, 354, 357
Gnathostomata, 126
as hosts
for Acanthocephala, 293, 300
Gonideinae, 175
Gracillariidae, 37
Gregarines, 62, 63
fossil record, 257
Primigregarina burmanica, 63
Gregarious parasitoidism, 384
Ground beetles, 451
See also Carabidae
Gut bacteria, 48
Gut contents, 392
Gymnophallidae, 5, 247
H
Haemaphysalis, 330, 336
Haematophagy, 348
Hagfishes, 126
Haikouella/Yunnanozoon, 126
Hairworms, 255
See also Nematomorpha
Halacaroidea, 317, 323
Halarachnidae, 334
Halloween pumpkin-mask cysts, 361
Halo cells, 44
Haloclavidae, 112
Hard ticks, 12, 329
See also Ixodidae
Haustorium, 179
Hauterivian, 420, 432, 440, 500
Helminthozyga, 224
Helminths, 3, 16, 18
cestodes (tapeworms), 3 (see also Cestoda)
clades, 238
convergent evolution, 234
Annelida, 234 (see also Parasitic
annelids)
Crustacea, 233 (see also Pentastomida)
Nematode, 248 (see also Parasitic
nematodes)
Nematoida, 234 (see also
Nematomorpha)
Platyhelminthes, 245 (see also Parasitic
platyhelminths)
Rotifera/Syndermata, 234 (see also
Acanthocephala)
definition, 232
evolution, 232
fossilization potential, 234, 235
attachment organs, 234
coprolites, 236
cuticle, 235
eggs, 235
fossil record, 233
oldest (pentastomids), 233
molecular divergence time estimates, 258
host constraints, 232
monogeneans (see Monogenea)
nematodes, 5
pentastomids (tongue worms), 10–11 (see
also Pentastomida)
phylogeny and evolutionary history, 233
preservation potential, 237
attachment organs, 237
conservation traps, 234
preparation biases, 236
trematodes (flukes) (see Trematoda)
Heloridae, 433, 480, 482, 484
Hematophagous ectoparasites, 13
Hematophagy, 404, 410, 412, 414, 415
Diptera, 410
See also Haematophagy
Hemerobioformia, 418, 483, 485, 486
Hemimeridae, 400
Hemimetabolous parasites, 499
Index
Coralliophilinae, 217
Donaldinidae, 225
Epitoniidae, 216
Eulimidae, 215
Meekospiridae, 225
Platyceratidae/Orthonychiidae, 213
Pseudozygopleuridae, 225
Pyramidellidae, 218
Streptacididae, 225
Triphoridae, 219
Gelichiidae, 39
Genomic methods, 30
Giant Jurassic fleas, 13
See also Mid-Mesozoic fleas
Glochidium, 167, 168, 185
types, 179
hooked, 185
hookless, 168
encapsulation, 168, 182–184
fossil record, 177
inflammatory response in fish, 183
metamorphosis, 156, 184, 185
Glomeromycota, 80
spores, 80, 86, 93
vesicles, 86
Glossinidae, 415
fossil record, 416
Glycocalyx, 121
Glycyphagoidea, 317, 327
Gnathifera, 234, 257, 299–301
fossil record, 257
phylogenetic relationships, 294
Gnathiidae, 9, 352, 354, 357
Gnathostomata, 126
as hosts
for Acanthocephala, 293, 300
Gonideinae, 175
Gracillariidae, 37
Gregarines, 62, 63
fossil record, 257
Primigregarina burmanica, 63
Gregarious parasitoidism, 384
Ground beetles, 451
See also Carabidae
Gut bacteria, 48
Gut contents, 392
Gymnophallidae, 5, 247
H
Haemaphysalis, 330, 336
Haematophagy, 348
Hagfishes, 126
Haikouella/Yunnanozoon, 126
Hairworms, 255
See also Nematomorpha
Halacaroidea, 317, 323
Halarachnidae, 334
Halloween pumpkin-mask cysts, 361
Halo cells, 44
Haloclavidae, 112
Hard ticks, 12, 329
See also Ixodidae
Haustorium, 179
Hauterivian, 420, 432, 440, 500
Helminthozyga, 224
Helminths, 3, 16, 18
cestodes (tapeworms), 3 (see also Cestoda)
clades, 238
convergent evolution, 234
Annelida, 234 (see also Parasitic
annelids)
Crustacea, 233 (see also Pentastomida)
Nematode, 248 (see also Parasitic
nematodes)
Nematoida, 234 (see also
Nematomorpha)
Platyhelminthes, 245 (see also Parasitic
platyhelminths)
Rotifera/Syndermata, 234 (see also
Acanthocephala)
definition, 232
evolution, 232
fossilization potential, 234, 235
attachment organs, 234
coprolites, 236
cuticle, 235
eggs, 235
fossil record, 233
oldest (pentastomids), 233
molecular divergence time estimates, 258
host constraints, 232
monogeneans (see Monogenea)
nematodes, 5
pentastomids (tongue worms), 10–11 (see
also Pentastomida)
phylogeny and evolutionary history, 233
preservation potential, 237
attachment organs, 237
conservation traps, 234
preparation biases, 236
trematodes (flukes) (see Trematoda)
Heloridae, 433, 480, 482, 484
Hematophagous ectoparasites, 13
Hematophagy, 404, 410, 412, 414, 415
Diptera, 410
See also Haematophagy
Hemerobioformia, 418, 483, 485, 486
Hemimeridae, 400
Hemimetabolous parasites, 499
Index