545
fossil record, 216
general aspects, 215–216
Eulophidae, 398, 467, 485, 486
Eumetazoa, 237
Eupelmidae, 398, 485, 486
Eupodides, 317
Eurypterida, 315, 321
feeding ecology, 322
Eurytomidae, 438
Evaniidae, 398, 432, 468, 482, 484,
486, 492–494
Evanioidea, 492, 494, 496
as parasitoids, 383
fossil record, 496
Jurassic-Miocene diversity, 492
phylogeny, 461, 462
Evolution of parasitism, 335
Acari, 335
Acariformes, 335
Arthropoda, 378
Bivalvia, 175
Chelicerata, 335
Cnidaria, 110–114, 132
from commensalism, 12
Copepoda, 358
Crustacea, 348
Cymothoida, 352, 354, 355
Diptera, 388
in freshwater mussels, 170
Hymenoptera, 394
Insecta, 498
Isopoda, 9, 353
Ixodida, 335
in mites and ticks, 335
Myxozoa, 138
Nematoda, 248
Nematomorpha, 256
from nest associates, 336
Parasitiformes, 335
from phoresy, 336
Platyhelminthes, 245
Polypodium, 138
from predation, 336, 352
Siphonaptera, 390
Unionida, 167
Evolution of parasitoidism
from parasitism, 501
Extant Phylogenetic Bracketing (EPB), 15, 17
F
Facetotecta, 361
Falsiformicidae, 442
Fecal droplets, 53, 55
Figitidae, 434, 484
Filarial nematodes, 254
See also Filarioidea
Filarioidea, 7, 254, 255
Filibranch grade gill anatomy, 178
Fish, 363
acipenseriform, 114, 137
freshwater, 169, 180
as hosts for
Aegidae, 352
Branchiura, 363
Cymothoidae, 354, 355
Glochidia, 179, 183
Hydrozoa, 113
Monogenea, 8, 15
Neoechinorhynchus mexicoensis, 276
parasitic Copepoda, 9, 358
parasitic Isopoda, 9, 352, 355
teleost, 300
Fish lice, see Branchiura
Flagellates, 53
Flatworms, 458
See also Platyhelminthes
Fleas, 12, 13
See also Siphonaptera
Flies, 379
See also Diptera
Flukes, 4, 5
See also Trematoda
Food web structure, 471
aphid-parasitoid communities, 472
importance of parasites, 473–474
importance of parasitoids, 473–474
Resource Concentration
Hypothesis, 471–473
Trophic cascade hypothesis, 471–473
Foremost Formation, 484
Fossil gastropods, see Gastropoda
Fossilization, 287, 289
Fossil parasitism, 349
types of observations, 212, 349
direct associations, 214
direct interaction, 349
functional morphological inference
(indirect) (see Functional
morphology)
taxonomic uniformitarianism (see
Taxonomic uniformitarianism)
Freshwater mussels, 170, 189
See also Unionida
Frischella perrara, 48
Fugacious mycelia, 44
Fulgoroidea, 466
Functional morphology, 10, 223, 289, 354
Gastropoda, 223
Fungal associations, 73
Index
fossil record, 216
general aspects, 215–216
Eulophidae, 398, 467, 485, 486
Eumetazoa, 237
Eupelmidae, 398, 485, 486
Eupodides, 317
Eurypterida, 315, 321
feeding ecology, 322
Eurytomidae, 438
Evaniidae, 398, 432, 468, 482, 484,
486, 492–494
Evanioidea, 492, 494, 496
as parasitoids, 383
fossil record, 496
Jurassic-Miocene diversity, 492
phylogeny, 461, 462
Evolution of parasitism, 335
Acari, 335
Acariformes, 335
Arthropoda, 378
Bivalvia, 175
Chelicerata, 335
Cnidaria, 110–114, 132
from commensalism, 12
Copepoda, 358
Crustacea, 348
Cymothoida, 352, 354, 355
Diptera, 388
in freshwater mussels, 170
Hymenoptera, 394
Insecta, 498
Isopoda, 9, 353
Ixodida, 335
in mites and ticks, 335
Myxozoa, 138
Nematoda, 248
Nematomorpha, 256
from nest associates, 336
Parasitiformes, 335
from phoresy, 336
Platyhelminthes, 245
Polypodium, 138
from predation, 336, 352
Siphonaptera, 390
Unionida, 167
Evolution of parasitoidism
from parasitism, 501
Extant Phylogenetic Bracketing (EPB), 15, 17
F
Facetotecta, 361
Falsiformicidae, 442
Fecal droplets, 53, 55
Figitidae, 434, 484
Filarial nematodes, 254
See also Filarioidea
Filarioidea, 7, 254, 255
Filibranch grade gill anatomy, 178
Fish, 363
acipenseriform, 114, 137
freshwater, 169, 180
as hosts for
Aegidae, 352
Branchiura, 363
Cymothoidae, 354, 355
Glochidia, 179, 183
Hydrozoa, 113
Monogenea, 8, 15
Neoechinorhynchus mexicoensis, 276
parasitic Copepoda, 9, 358
parasitic Isopoda, 9, 352, 355
teleost, 300
Fish lice, see Branchiura
Flagellates, 53
Flatworms, 458
See also Platyhelminthes
Fleas, 12, 13
See also Siphonaptera
Flies, 379
See also Diptera
Flukes, 4, 5
See also Trematoda
Food web structure, 471
aphid-parasitoid communities, 472
importance of parasites, 473–474
importance of parasitoids, 473–474
Resource Concentration
Hypothesis, 471–473
Trophic cascade hypothesis, 471–473
Foremost Formation, 484
Fossil gastropods, see Gastropoda
Fossilization, 287, 289
Fossil parasitism, 349
types of observations, 212, 349
direct associations, 214
direct interaction, 349
functional morphological inference
(indirect) (see Functional
morphology)
taxonomic uniformitarianism (see
Taxonomic uniformitarianism)
Freshwater mussels, 170, 189
See also Unionida
Frischella perrara, 48
Fugacious mycelia, 44
Fulgoroidea, 466
Functional morphology, 10, 223, 289, 354
Gastropoda, 223
Fungal associations, 73
Index