544
Ediacaran, 110, 125, 135, 142, 238
Edwardsiella, 112
Edwardsiidae, 112
Egg parasitoidism, 385, 468
Elenchidae, 422, 486
Eleostrepsiptera, 421, 483
Eleutherengona, 336
Embioptera, 428
Embolemidae, 442, 484
Emerita analoga
as hosts for
Galeommatoidea, 158, 164
Emery’s Rule, 447
Empididae, 461, 483, 484
Empidoidea, 483, 484, 486
Emsian, 251
Encyrtidae, 437, 486
Endeostigmata
general aspects, 326
Endocnidozoa, 111
adaptation and diversification, 141
adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, 139, 140
age constraints, 131
comparative development, 117–120
co-phylogenetic investigations, 134–138
diversification patterns, 140–142
evolution, 131–139
complex life cycles, 133
host relationships, 132
parasitism, 138–139
fossilization potential
host pathologies, 123
general biology, 114–117
host acquisition process, 132–134
host groups, 122
Annelida, 128–129
Bryozoa, 129–130
Lophotrochozoa, 128
Vertebrata, 125–128
host use, 136
invertebrate hosts, 114
isogamy, 140
life cycle, 114, 115, 122
life history, 118–119
molecular divergence time estimates, 125,
131, 135
monophyly, 136, 138
morphology, 118–119
myxozoans, 117 (see also Myxozoa)
nematocysts, 117
origins, 135–136
phylogenetic placement, 114
preadaptations to parasitism, 120–122
Endogenous retroviruses (EVRs), 30
Endoparasites, 11, 110, 122, 139, 235, 273,
335, 358
Endoparasitoidism, 383–384, 499
Enischnomyia stegosoma, 57, 60
Enoplida, 251
Ensign wasps, 493
See also Evanioidea
Entamoebites antiquus, 64
Entomophthorales, 91
Entonyssidae, 335
Entovalva, 157
Entovalva analoga, 158
Entropezites patricii, 89
Eocene, 7, 13, 255, 256, 324, 330–332, 334,
335, 337
Eocene ambers, 339
Eolimnobiidae, 478
Eophasma jurasicum, 249
Eophasmidae, 251
Eoptychopteridae, 479
Ephialitoidea, 430
Ephialtitidae, 430, 480–482
Ephialtitoidea, 464, 480–482
Epicaridea, 352, 354, 355
fossil record, 355, 356
Epimastigotes, 53, 56
Epioblasma trap, 172
Epiphyllous fungi, 83
Epipyropidae, 429, 462, 463, 486
Epitoniidae, 217
diversity, 216
fossil record, 216
general aspects, 216–217
Epitonium, 216
Erebidae, 446
Eremochaetidae, 424, 458, 460, 480
Eremoneura, 487, 501
as parasitoids, 471, 475
Eremoneuran Diptera, 468, 470
as parasitoids, 471 (see also Eremoneura)
Erysiphales, 85
Erythraeidae, 324
Etheriidae, 166, 168, 174, 176, 180
Etherioidea, 167
divergence time estimates, 173
Euarthropoda, 348
Eucestoda, 247
fossil record, 247
Eucharitidae, 438, 466, 485
Euchelicerata, 321
ancestral feeding ecology, 321
Eucoilidae, 434
Eulamellibranch gills, 166, 173, 178
Eulimidae, 215, 216
Index
Ediacaran, 110, 125, 135, 142, 238
Edwardsiella, 112
Edwardsiidae, 112
Egg parasitoidism, 385, 468
Elenchidae, 422, 486
Eleostrepsiptera, 421, 483
Eleutherengona, 336
Embioptera, 428
Embolemidae, 442, 484
Emerita analoga
as hosts for
Galeommatoidea, 158, 164
Emery’s Rule, 447
Empididae, 461, 483, 484
Empidoidea, 483, 484, 486
Emsian, 251
Encyrtidae, 437, 486
Endeostigmata
general aspects, 326
Endocnidozoa, 111
adaptation and diversification, 141
adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, 139, 140
age constraints, 131
comparative development, 117–120
co-phylogenetic investigations, 134–138
diversification patterns, 140–142
evolution, 131–139
complex life cycles, 133
host relationships, 132
parasitism, 138–139
fossilization potential
host pathologies, 123
general biology, 114–117
host acquisition process, 132–134
host groups, 122
Annelida, 128–129
Bryozoa, 129–130
Lophotrochozoa, 128
Vertebrata, 125–128
host use, 136
invertebrate hosts, 114
isogamy, 140
life cycle, 114, 115, 122
life history, 118–119
molecular divergence time estimates, 125,
131, 135
monophyly, 136, 138
morphology, 118–119
myxozoans, 117 (see also Myxozoa)
nematocysts, 117
origins, 135–136
phylogenetic placement, 114
preadaptations to parasitism, 120–122
Endogenous retroviruses (EVRs), 30
Endoparasites, 11, 110, 122, 139, 235, 273,
335, 358
Endoparasitoidism, 383–384, 499
Enischnomyia stegosoma, 57, 60
Enoplida, 251
Ensign wasps, 493
See also Evanioidea
Entamoebites antiquus, 64
Entomophthorales, 91
Entonyssidae, 335
Entovalva, 157
Entovalva analoga, 158
Entropezites patricii, 89
Eocene, 7, 13, 255, 256, 324, 330–332, 334,
335, 337
Eocene ambers, 339
Eolimnobiidae, 478
Eophasma jurasicum, 249
Eophasmidae, 251
Eoptychopteridae, 479
Ephialitoidea, 430
Ephialtitidae, 430, 480–482
Ephialtitoidea, 464, 480–482
Epicaridea, 352, 354, 355
fossil record, 355, 356
Epimastigotes, 53, 56
Epioblasma trap, 172
Epiphyllous fungi, 83
Epipyropidae, 429, 462, 463, 486
Epitoniidae, 217
diversity, 216
fossil record, 216
general aspects, 216–217
Epitonium, 216
Erebidae, 446
Eremochaetidae, 424, 458, 460, 480
Eremoneura, 487, 501
as parasitoids, 471, 475
Eremoneuran Diptera, 468, 470
as parasitoids, 471 (see also Eremoneura)
Erysiphales, 85
Erythraeidae, 324
Etheriidae, 166, 168, 174, 176, 180
Etherioidea, 167
divergence time estimates, 173
Euarthropoda, 348
Eucestoda, 247
fossil record, 247
Eucharitidae, 438, 466, 485
Euchelicerata, 321
ancestral feeding ecology, 321
Eucoilidae, 434
Eulamellibranch gills, 166, 173, 178
Eulimidae, 215, 216
Index