543
before MMPR, 477–479
as parasites
Athericidae, 412
Calliphoridae, 416
Ceratopogonidae, 412
Culicoidea, 410
Glossinidae, 415
Hippoboscidae, 415
Ichneumonoidea, 440, 464–466, 481,
482, 484–486
Mesembrinellidae, 416
Mormotomyiidae, 414
Muscidae, 414
Mystacinobiidae, 416
Nycteribiidae, 416
Oestridae, 416
Phlebotominae, 412
Rhagionidae, 413
Streblidae, 415
Tabanidae, 428
parasitoid proportion, 456
as parasitoids, 436
Acroceridae, 458
Apocrita, 463, 464
Archisargoidea, 480
Aschiza, 483
Asilomorpha, 458
Athericidae, 412–414
Bibionomorpha, 458
Bombyliidae, 458
Calliphoridae, 398, 416, 417, 427, 461
Canadian Amber Biota, 483
Chalcidoidea, 484
Chironomidae, 485
Conopidae, 458
Dominican Amber Biota, 483
Empidoidea, 483
Eremochaetidae, 483
host range, 498
Ichneumonidae, 484
Ichneumonoidea, 484
Jehol Biota, 484
Karatau Biota, 480
Messel Biota, 485
during MMPR, 500
Myanmar Amber Biota, 500
Mycetophilidae, 458
Nemestrinidae, 458
Nemestrinimorpha, 458
Phoridae, 460
Pipunculidae, 460
Post-MMPR expansion, 487, 500
Proctotrupomorpha, 501
Pyralidae, 463
Sarcophagidae, 458
Schizophora, 459
Tachinidae, 461, 486
Yanliao Biota, 454, 479
as vectors
Ceratopogonidae, 412
Dipterocarpaceae, 483
Disease symptoms, 74, 82, 90
Divariscintilla, 159
Dominican Amber, 30, 36, 37, 39, 483
age, 258, 484
source, 484
See also Amber
Dominican Amber Biota, 483
Donaldinidae, 211, 224
fossil record, 212
Double-stranded DNA viruses, 38
Downward incorporation, 133
Dreissenidae, 177
Dryinidae, 442, 484–486
Dubiocarpon, 88
Durlston Formation, 481
See also Purbeck Biota
Dynastinae, 452
Dysderidae, 337
E
Earwigs, 460
See also Dermaptera
Echinodermata, 215
as hosts for, 215
Galeommatidae, 159
eulimid gastropods, 215
parasitic copepods, 361
platyceratid gastropods, 213
pyramidellid gastropods, 218
Echiura, 159, 162
as hosts for, 215
Copepoda, 358
Galeommatidae, 159
Galeommatoidea, 157
Lasaeidae, 160
Eckfeld maar crater beds, 404
Ecological Fitting, 15–17
Ectoparasites, 8, 11, 12, 14, 19, 215, 218, 219,
234, 333, 404, 499
Ectoparasitic insects, 12, 13
fleas, 13 (see also Siphonaptera (Fleas))
lice, 13 (see also Phthiraptera
(parasitic lice))
Ectoparasitism, 14, 245, 380, 395, 497, 498
evolutionary patterns, 379
Ectoparasitoidism, 383, 384, 453, 499
Index
before MMPR, 477–479
as parasites
Athericidae, 412
Calliphoridae, 416
Ceratopogonidae, 412
Culicoidea, 410
Glossinidae, 415
Hippoboscidae, 415
Ichneumonoidea, 440, 464–466, 481,
482, 484–486
Mesembrinellidae, 416
Mormotomyiidae, 414
Muscidae, 414
Mystacinobiidae, 416
Nycteribiidae, 416
Oestridae, 416
Phlebotominae, 412
Rhagionidae, 413
Streblidae, 415
Tabanidae, 428
parasitoid proportion, 456
as parasitoids, 436
Acroceridae, 458
Apocrita, 463, 464
Archisargoidea, 480
Aschiza, 483
Asilomorpha, 458
Athericidae, 412–414
Bibionomorpha, 458
Bombyliidae, 458
Calliphoridae, 398, 416, 417, 427, 461
Canadian Amber Biota, 483
Chalcidoidea, 484
Chironomidae, 485
Conopidae, 458
Dominican Amber Biota, 483
Empidoidea, 483
Eremochaetidae, 483
host range, 498
Ichneumonidae, 484
Ichneumonoidea, 484
Jehol Biota, 484
Karatau Biota, 480
Messel Biota, 485
during MMPR, 500
Myanmar Amber Biota, 500
Mycetophilidae, 458
Nemestrinidae, 458
Nemestrinimorpha, 458
Phoridae, 460
Pipunculidae, 460
Post-MMPR expansion, 487, 500
Proctotrupomorpha, 501
Pyralidae, 463
Sarcophagidae, 458
Schizophora, 459
Tachinidae, 461, 486
Yanliao Biota, 454, 479
as vectors
Ceratopogonidae, 412
Dipterocarpaceae, 483
Disease symptoms, 74, 82, 90
Divariscintilla, 159
Dominican Amber, 30, 36, 37, 39, 483
age, 258, 484
source, 484
See also Amber
Dominican Amber Biota, 483
Donaldinidae, 211, 224
fossil record, 212
Double-stranded DNA viruses, 38
Downward incorporation, 133
Dreissenidae, 177
Dryinidae, 442, 484–486
Dubiocarpon, 88
Durlston Formation, 481
See also Purbeck Biota
Dynastinae, 452
Dysderidae, 337
E
Earwigs, 460
See also Dermaptera
Echinodermata, 215
as hosts for, 215
Galeommatidae, 159
eulimid gastropods, 215
parasitic copepods, 361
platyceratid gastropods, 213
pyramidellid gastropods, 218
Echiura, 159, 162
as hosts for, 215
Copepoda, 358
Galeommatidae, 159
Galeommatoidea, 157
Lasaeidae, 160
Eckfeld maar crater beds, 404
Ecological Fitting, 15–17
Ectoparasites, 8, 11, 12, 14, 19, 215, 218, 219,
234, 333, 404, 499
Ectoparasitic insects, 12, 13
fleas, 13 (see also Siphonaptera (Fleas))
lice, 13 (see also Phthiraptera
(parasitic lice))
Ectoparasitism, 14, 245, 380, 395, 497, 498
evolutionary patterns, 379
Ectoparasitoidism, 383, 384, 453, 499
Index