542
Crustacea (cont.)
Amphipoda, 350 (see also Amphipoda)
Cirripedia, 362
Copepoda, 358–361 (see also Parasitic
copepods)
Isopoda, 351–357 (see also Parasitic
isopods)
Cryogenian, 135, 136
Cryptophagidae, 337
Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis, 89
Cryptomycota, 70
Cryptophagidae, 337
Cucujoidea, 419, 483
Culex malariager, 54, 58
Culicidae, 54, 58, 59, 411
as vectors for, 54, 58, 59
malarial parasites, 54, 58, 59
Culicoidea, 410
fossil record, 410
Culicomorpha, 411, 423, 458, 462, 479, 485
as parasitoids, 485
Cultoraquaticus trewinii, 90
Cunina, 112
Cuninidae, 112
Curculionoidea, 420, 483
Cyamida, 350
Cyanobacteria, 70
Cycloida, 365
Cyclonema, 213
Cycloneuralia, 234, 256
Cyclorrhapha, 417
Cyclorrhaphan flies, 459
Cyclorrhaphous flies, 410
Cyclostomata, 126
Cymothoida, 10, 351, 356
Aegidae, 354
Epicaridea, 354
evolution of parasitism, 352, 354, 355
fossil record, 357
molecular and morphological data, 354
parasitic strategies, 352
Cymothoidae, 9, 354
fossil record, 354
Cynipidae, 467, 468
Cynipoidea, 464, 484
Cynodonts, 335
Cypoviruses, 31
See also Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
viruses (CPV)
Cyprinidae, 186, 187
Cypriniformes, 187
Cyrenidae, 177
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses
(CPV), 31–33
direct evidence
cypovirus polyhedra, 31
fossilization potential, 36
indirect evidence
Bacillus, 40
polyhedra, 31
D
Danian, 211, 220, 222, 223
Daohugoidae, 480
Dascilloidea, 419
Dastilbe, 180
Dasyponyssidae, 333
Death-grip scars, 92
Definitive host, 275, 276, 285, 300, 301
Deinocroton draculi, 12, 329
Deinocrotonidae, 329
Demibranchs, 164, 166
Dermacentor, 331
Dermanyssidae, 334
Dermanyssoidea, 317, 332
Dermaptera, 400, 401
as parasites
Arixeniidae, 400
Hemimeridae, 400
Desmoscolecida, 251
Devonian, 3, 5, 8, 12, 126, 129, 137, 211, 224,
233, 237, 242, 248, 251, 255, 318,
323, 335, 353, 361, 363
Diapriidae, 432, 481, 484
Dichelesthiidae, 9
Dickinsonia, 238
Dicrocoeliidae, 247
Digenea, 4
Dinosaurs, 4, 11–13, 15, 335
as hosts for
fungal infections, 92
as hosts for parasites
example, 17
Diploblastica, 124
Diplococcoid cells, 43
Dipnoi, 188
Diptera, 31, 379, 386, 389, 391, 392, 410–417,
446, 458, 460–462
as ectoparasitoids, 451
as endoparasitoids, 451
evolution of parasitism, 388
evolution of parasitoidism, 388–390
from saprophagy, 455
fossil record, 455
as hosts for
cypoviruses, 31
nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV), 30
Index
Crustacea (cont.)
Amphipoda, 350 (see also Amphipoda)
Cirripedia, 362
Copepoda, 358–361 (see also Parasitic
copepods)
Isopoda, 351–357 (see also Parasitic
isopods)
Cryogenian, 135, 136
Cryptophagidae, 337
Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis, 89
Cryptomycota, 70
Cryptophagidae, 337
Cucujoidea, 419, 483
Culex malariager, 54, 58
Culicidae, 54, 58, 59, 411
as vectors for, 54, 58, 59
malarial parasites, 54, 58, 59
Culicoidea, 410
fossil record, 410
Culicomorpha, 411, 423, 458, 462, 479, 485
as parasitoids, 485
Cultoraquaticus trewinii, 90
Cunina, 112
Cuninidae, 112
Curculionoidea, 420, 483
Cyamida, 350
Cyanobacteria, 70
Cycloida, 365
Cyclonema, 213
Cycloneuralia, 234, 256
Cyclorrhapha, 417
Cyclorrhaphan flies, 459
Cyclorrhaphous flies, 410
Cyclostomata, 126
Cymothoida, 10, 351, 356
Aegidae, 354
Epicaridea, 354
evolution of parasitism, 352, 354, 355
fossil record, 357
molecular and morphological data, 354
parasitic strategies, 352
Cymothoidae, 9, 354
fossil record, 354
Cynipidae, 467, 468
Cynipoidea, 464, 484
Cynodonts, 335
Cypoviruses, 31
See also Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
viruses (CPV)
Cyprinidae, 186, 187
Cypriniformes, 187
Cyrenidae, 177
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses
(CPV), 31–33
direct evidence
cypovirus polyhedra, 31
fossilization potential, 36
indirect evidence
Bacillus, 40
polyhedra, 31
D
Danian, 211, 220, 222, 223
Daohugoidae, 480
Dascilloidea, 419
Dastilbe, 180
Dasyponyssidae, 333
Death-grip scars, 92
Definitive host, 275, 276, 285, 300, 301
Deinocroton draculi, 12, 329
Deinocrotonidae, 329
Demibranchs, 164, 166
Dermacentor, 331
Dermanyssidae, 334
Dermanyssoidea, 317, 332
Dermaptera, 400, 401
as parasites
Arixeniidae, 400
Hemimeridae, 400
Desmoscolecida, 251
Devonian, 3, 5, 8, 12, 126, 129, 137, 211, 224,
233, 237, 242, 248, 251, 255, 318,
323, 335, 353, 361, 363
Diapriidae, 432, 481, 484
Dichelesthiidae, 9
Dickinsonia, 238
Dicrocoeliidae, 247
Digenea, 4
Dinosaurs, 4, 11–13, 15, 335
as hosts for
fungal infections, 92
as hosts for parasites
example, 17
Diploblastica, 124
Diplococcoid cells, 43
Dipnoi, 188
Diptera, 31, 379, 386, 389, 391, 392, 410–417,
446, 458, 460–462
as ectoparasitoids, 451
as endoparasitoids, 451
evolution of parasitism, 388
evolution of parasitoidism, 388–390
from saprophagy, 455
fossil record, 455
as hosts for
cypoviruses, 31
nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV), 30
Index