541
phylogenetic position, 124
phylogeny, 111, 125
preadaptations to parasitism, 120–122
Coal balls, 74
Coccobacilli, 44–46
Coccoidal cells, 46, 47
Cockroaches, 399
See also Blattodea
Codon bias, 464
Coleoptera, 405, 406, 451–455
as cleptoparasites
Scarabaeidae, 418
as cleptoparasitoids, 455
Anthribidae, 445
Cleridae, 397
Scarabaeidae, 452, 455
evolution of parasitoidism, 489
from mycophagy, 397
from predation, 397
as hosts for
heterorhabditid nematodes, 40
Mantispidae, 470
polydnaviruses, 35
rod-shaped bacteria, 41
as parasites
Leiodidae, 405
Meloidae, 405, 497
Ripiphoridae, 454
as parasitoids, 397, 468
Aleocharinae, 470
Bothriderinae, 470
Canadian Amber Biota, 484
Carabidae, 470
Cleridae, 483
Dominican Amber Biota, 486
Jehol Biota, 483
Karatau Biota, 480
Meloidae, 470
Messel Biota, 485
during MMPR, 468, 481–483
Myanmar Amber Biota, 486
Passandridae, 470
Post-MMPR expansion, 487
Rhipiceridae, 470
Ripiphoridae, 470
Staphylinidae, 470
Yanliao Biota, 481
before MMPR, 468, 481–483
parasitoid proportion, 455
Commensalism, 64
Compluriscutula, 329
Computed tomography, 2, 337
X-ray microcomputed tomography, 19 (see
also MicroCT)
Conglutinates, 171
Conodonts, 126
Conopidae, 426, 458, 461
Copepoda, 357–361
evolution, 359
evolution of parasitism, 358
fossil record, 359, 361
general aspects, 357
Coprolites, 3–6, 8, 18, 19, 63, 64, 127, 236,
237, 252, 258, 386–387, 393
Copulatory cap, 288
Corallanidae, 352, 354
Coralliophila, 216
Coralliophilinae, 217
fossil record, 217
general aspects, 217
Corals, 217, 219
as hosts for
Architectonicidae, 219
Coralliophilinae, 217
Corbicula fluminae, 182
Cordyceps, 91
Cordycipitaceae, 91, 92
Corioxenidae, 421
Cornupalpatum, 43, 329
Cornupalpatum burmanicum, 43
Cortisol, 184
Corynotrypida, 130
Cosmocercidae, 254
Cosmocercoides dukae, 254
Cottidae, 186, 187
Cow Branch Biota, 482
See also Solite Biota
Cow Branch Formation, 478
age, 478
See also Solite Biota
Crabronidae, 339
Cremastocheilini, 452
Cretaceous, 4–6, 8–11, 14, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43,
44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 63, 64,
211, 223–225, 247, 249, 253, 255,
318, 324, 326–332, 335–337, 339
Cretachordodes burmitis, 256
Cretostylopidae, 421, 483
Crinoids, 213
Crocodylians, 252
Crocodyliformes, 8
Crossaphididae, 479
Crustacea, 348
evolution of parasitism, 348
as hosts for
dipteran parasitoids, 458
epicarid isopods, 358
Galeommatoidea, 158
as parasites, 348 (see also Parasitic
crustaceans)
Index
phylogenetic position, 124
phylogeny, 111, 125
preadaptations to parasitism, 120–122
Coal balls, 74
Coccobacilli, 44–46
Coccoidal cells, 46, 47
Cockroaches, 399
See also Blattodea
Codon bias, 464
Coleoptera, 405, 406, 451–455
as cleptoparasites
Scarabaeidae, 418
as cleptoparasitoids, 455
Anthribidae, 445
Cleridae, 397
Scarabaeidae, 452, 455
evolution of parasitoidism, 489
from mycophagy, 397
from predation, 397
as hosts for
heterorhabditid nematodes, 40
Mantispidae, 470
polydnaviruses, 35
rod-shaped bacteria, 41
as parasites
Leiodidae, 405
Meloidae, 405, 497
Ripiphoridae, 454
as parasitoids, 397, 468
Aleocharinae, 470
Bothriderinae, 470
Canadian Amber Biota, 484
Carabidae, 470
Cleridae, 483
Dominican Amber Biota, 486
Jehol Biota, 483
Karatau Biota, 480
Meloidae, 470
Messel Biota, 485
during MMPR, 468, 481–483
Myanmar Amber Biota, 486
Passandridae, 470
Post-MMPR expansion, 487
Rhipiceridae, 470
Ripiphoridae, 470
Staphylinidae, 470
Yanliao Biota, 481
before MMPR, 468, 481–483
parasitoid proportion, 455
Commensalism, 64
Compluriscutula, 329
Computed tomography, 2, 337
X-ray microcomputed tomography, 19 (see
also MicroCT)
Conglutinates, 171
Conodonts, 126
Conopidae, 426, 458, 461
Copepoda, 357–361
evolution, 359
evolution of parasitism, 358
fossil record, 359, 361
general aspects, 357
Coprolites, 3–6, 8, 18, 19, 63, 64, 127, 236,
237, 252, 258, 386–387, 393
Copulatory cap, 288
Corallanidae, 352, 354
Coralliophila, 216
Coralliophilinae, 217
fossil record, 217
general aspects, 217
Corals, 217, 219
as hosts for
Architectonicidae, 219
Coralliophilinae, 217
Corbicula fluminae, 182
Cordyceps, 91
Cordycipitaceae, 91, 92
Corioxenidae, 421
Cornupalpatum, 43, 329
Cornupalpatum burmanicum, 43
Cortisol, 184
Corynotrypida, 130
Cosmocercidae, 254
Cosmocercoides dukae, 254
Cottidae, 186, 187
Cow Branch Biota, 482
See also Solite Biota
Cow Branch Formation, 478
age, 478
See also Solite Biota
Crabronidae, 339
Cremastocheilini, 452
Cretaceous, 4–6, 8–11, 14, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43,
44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 63, 64,
211, 223–225, 247, 249, 253, 255,
318, 324, 326–332, 335–337, 339
Cretachordodes burmitis, 256
Cretostylopidae, 421, 483
Crinoids, 213
Crocodylians, 252
Crocodyliformes, 8
Crossaphididae, 479
Crustacea, 348
evolution of parasitism, 348
as hosts for
dipteran parasitoids, 458
epicarid isopods, 358
Galeommatoidea, 158
as parasites, 348 (see also Parasitic
crustaceans)
Index