540
Cestoda, 3–4
in coprolites, 4
fossil record, 3, 247
life cycle, 3
Cetoniinae, 452
Chaetognatha, 234, 257
fossil record, 257
Chagas disease, 51, 405
Chalcidae, 484
Chalcididea, 463, 485
Chalcidoidea, 465
as parasitoids, 465
Chamaemyiidae, 426
Character polarisation, 349
Charapidae, 434
Chasmataspidida, 315, 321
feeding ecology, 322
Chelicerae, 315
Chelicerata
ancestral feeding strategy, 315
arachnid parasites, 338, 339
arachnids, 338 (see also Arachnida)
eurypterids, 321, 322
evolution of parasitism
divergence time estimates, 335
mites and ticks, 335
fossilization potential, 318
fossil record, 316, 318, 319
general aspects, 315
horseshoe crabs, 321, 322
as hosts for
Acroceridae, 339
Ichneumonidae as spider
parasitoids, 339
mantispid larva in clubionid spider, 339
Mermithidae in arachnids, 338
parasitengonid mites in arachnids, 339
Pompilidae, 339
as parasites, 316
Acariformes, 317–319, 323
Parasitiformes, 317–319, 323, 328
Pycnogonida, 318–321
parasitic behaviour
nest association, 336, 337
parasitiform, 328, 336 (see also
Parasitiform mites)
parasitoids, 338, 339
sea spiders, 321
as victims, 335–337
Chemnitzia, 218
Chengjiang Biota, 239
age, 239
Chert, 90
Cheyletidae, 324
Cheyletoidea, 317, 324
Chironomidae, 412
Chironomoidea, 412
Chordodidae, 256
Chromadorida, 249
Chrysididae, 398, 441, 484–486
Chrysidoidea, 441, 466, 482, 484–486
Chytridiomycota, 80, 84
Chytrid-like organisms, 86, 90
Chytrid sporangium, 77, 78
Cimicidae, 404
Cimicomorpha, 404
Cirolanidae, 352, 354, 356
fossil record, 354
Cirripedia, 362
general aspects, 362
as parasites
acrothoracicans, 362 (see also
Acrothoracica)
lepadomorphan cirripedians, 362
rhizocephalans, 362 (see also
Rhizocephala)
Cladistia, 187
Cladocyclus sp., 179
Claviceps purpurea, 92
Cleistothecia, 75
Cleptoparasitism, 388, 393
fossil record, 393
bees, 447
Cleptoparasitoidism, 385, 386
Cleridae, 397, 398, 452
fossil record, 452
Cleroidea, 419, 483, 484
Clitellata, 128, 243
fossil record
leech cocoons, 243
Cnidaria, 109, 124–125
evolution of parasitism, 110–114, 132
fossil record, 110, 125
Neoproterozoic, 125
general aspects, 109
as hosts for
Architectonicidae, 219
Ascothoracida, 362
Copepoda, 358
Epitoniidae, 216
Eulimidae, 212
Ovulidae, 223
parasitic and carnivorous
gastropods, 210
as parasites, 112–113 (see also Parasitic
cnidarians)
Endocnidozoa, 110–142 (see also
Myxozoa; Polypodium)
Index
Cestoda, 3–4
in coprolites, 4
fossil record, 3, 247
life cycle, 3
Cetoniinae, 452
Chaetognatha, 234, 257
fossil record, 257
Chagas disease, 51, 405
Chalcidae, 484
Chalcididea, 463, 485
Chalcidoidea, 465
as parasitoids, 465
Chamaemyiidae, 426
Character polarisation, 349
Charapidae, 434
Chasmataspidida, 315, 321
feeding ecology, 322
Chelicerae, 315
Chelicerata
ancestral feeding strategy, 315
arachnid parasites, 338, 339
arachnids, 338 (see also Arachnida)
eurypterids, 321, 322
evolution of parasitism
divergence time estimates, 335
mites and ticks, 335
fossilization potential, 318
fossil record, 316, 318, 319
general aspects, 315
horseshoe crabs, 321, 322
as hosts for
Acroceridae, 339
Ichneumonidae as spider
parasitoids, 339
mantispid larva in clubionid spider, 339
Mermithidae in arachnids, 338
parasitengonid mites in arachnids, 339
Pompilidae, 339
as parasites, 316
Acariformes, 317–319, 323
Parasitiformes, 317–319, 323, 328
Pycnogonida, 318–321
parasitic behaviour
nest association, 336, 337
parasitiform, 328, 336 (see also
Parasitiform mites)
parasitoids, 338, 339
sea spiders, 321
as victims, 335–337
Chemnitzia, 218
Chengjiang Biota, 239
age, 239
Chert, 90
Cheyletidae, 324
Cheyletoidea, 317, 324
Chironomidae, 412
Chironomoidea, 412
Chordodidae, 256
Chromadorida, 249
Chrysididae, 398, 441, 484–486
Chrysidoidea, 441, 466, 482, 484–486
Chytridiomycota, 80, 84
Chytrid-like organisms, 86, 90
Chytrid sporangium, 77, 78
Cimicidae, 404
Cimicomorpha, 404
Cirolanidae, 352, 354, 356
fossil record, 354
Cirripedia, 362
general aspects, 362
as parasites
acrothoracicans, 362 (see also
Acrothoracica)
lepadomorphan cirripedians, 362
rhizocephalans, 362 (see also
Rhizocephala)
Cladistia, 187
Cladocyclus sp., 179
Claviceps purpurea, 92
Cleistothecia, 75
Cleptoparasitism, 388, 393
fossil record, 393
bees, 447
Cleptoparasitoidism, 385, 386
Cleridae, 397, 398, 452
fossil record, 452
Cleroidea, 419, 483, 484
Clitellata, 128, 243
fossil record
leech cocoons, 243
Cnidaria, 109, 124–125
evolution of parasitism, 110–114, 132
fossil record, 110, 125
Neoproterozoic, 125
general aspects, 109
as hosts for
Architectonicidae, 219
Ascothoracida, 362
Copepoda, 358
Epitoniidae, 216
Eulimidae, 212
Ovulidae, 223
parasitic and carnivorous
gastropods, 210
as parasites, 112–113 (see also Parasitic
cnidarians)
Endocnidozoa, 110–142 (see also
Myxozoa; Polypodium)
Index