538
Asilidae, 386, 398, 424, 458, 461, 470, 483
Asiloidea, 462, 483, 485, 486
as parasitoids, 397
Asilomorpha, 458
Aspergillus, 90
Aspergillus collembolorum, 90
Asterina, 83
Astigmata, 317
general aspects, 326
Athericidae, 413
fossil record, 413
Atopopsyllus cionus, 44
Auchenorrhyncha, 456
Aulacidae, 431, 481, 482, 484, 492, 494
Austrocynipidae, 434
Austroniidae, 432, 484
Aysheaia pedunculata, 48
B
Bacillus sp., 48
sporangium, 40, 41
Bacterial cells, 40
Baculoviridae, 31, 32
Bahiaxenidae, 421
Baissidae, 431, 481, 482, 492, 493
Baltic Amber, 255, 338, 351
age, 255
Barnacles, 362
See also Cirripedia
Barremian, 253, 481
Basidiocarps, 75
Basidiomycetes, 81
Basidiomycota, 71, 75
Basterotiidae, 163
Bat flies, 416
See also Streblidae; Nycteribiidae
Bathonian, 218
Bats, 333
as hosts, 403
Bdelloida, 256
Beauveria, 91
Beetles, 405
See also Coleoptera
Beishan Formation, 478
age, 478
See also Beishan-Shangtu Biota
Beishan-Shangtu Biota, 500
taphonomy, 482
Berriasian, 412, 481
Bethylidae, 441, 484–486
Bethylonymidae, 441, 481, 482
Bibionomorpha, 423, 458, 462, 478,
479, 484–486
Bilobed pedal ganglion, 166
Biomolecular data, 388
Biotrophs, 70
Bipteria, 134
Bird louse, 392
Birds, 255, 331, 333, 335
as hosts for
acanthocephalans, 293
arachnids, 322
ectoparasites, 12
Hippoboscidae, 415
laelapids, 333
malarial parasites, 54
Phthiraptera, 402
ticks, 329, 335
Biting midges, 412
See also Ceratopogonidae
Bivalves, see Bivalvia
Bivalvia, 175
evolution of parasitism, 176
as hosts for
Eucestoda, 247
Oenonidae, 240
Pyramidellidae, 218
Spionidae, 242
trematodes, 5
as parasites
Galeommatoidea, 156–158, 164 (see
also Galeommatoidea)
Unionida, 164 (see also Unionida)
phylogeny, 175
symbiotic relationships, 154
Black flies, 412
See also Simuliidae
Black Spot disease, 92
Blattodea, 399, 400, 456
as hosts for
gregarines, 63
nematomorphs, 255
ripiphorids, 454
Scutacaroidea, 325
Strepsiptera, 455
Blister beetles, 406
See also Meloidae
Blood-feeding arthropods, 7, 410
Chironomoidea, 412
Cimicomorpha, 405
Culicoidea, 410
Culicomorpha, 411, 479
ectoparasites, 12 (see also Hematophagous
ectoparasites)
fossil record
Culicidae, 411
mid-Mesozoic flea-like insects, 408
Index
Asilidae, 386, 398, 424, 458, 461, 470, 483
Asiloidea, 462, 483, 485, 486
as parasitoids, 397
Asilomorpha, 458
Aspergillus, 90
Aspergillus collembolorum, 90
Asterina, 83
Astigmata, 317
general aspects, 326
Athericidae, 413
fossil record, 413
Atopopsyllus cionus, 44
Auchenorrhyncha, 456
Aulacidae, 431, 481, 482, 484, 492, 494
Austrocynipidae, 434
Austroniidae, 432, 484
Aysheaia pedunculata, 48
B
Bacillus sp., 48
sporangium, 40, 41
Bacterial cells, 40
Baculoviridae, 31, 32
Bahiaxenidae, 421
Baissidae, 431, 481, 482, 492, 493
Baltic Amber, 255, 338, 351
age, 255
Barnacles, 362
See also Cirripedia
Barremian, 253, 481
Basidiocarps, 75
Basidiomycetes, 81
Basidiomycota, 71, 75
Basterotiidae, 163
Bat flies, 416
See also Streblidae; Nycteribiidae
Bathonian, 218
Bats, 333
as hosts, 403
Bdelloida, 256
Beauveria, 91
Beetles, 405
See also Coleoptera
Beishan Formation, 478
age, 478
See also Beishan-Shangtu Biota
Beishan-Shangtu Biota, 500
taphonomy, 482
Berriasian, 412, 481
Bethylidae, 441, 484–486
Bethylonymidae, 441, 481, 482
Bibionomorpha, 423, 458, 462, 478,
479, 484–486
Bilobed pedal ganglion, 166
Biomolecular data, 388
Biotrophs, 70
Bipteria, 134
Bird louse, 392
Birds, 255, 331, 333, 335
as hosts for
acanthocephalans, 293
arachnids, 322
ectoparasites, 12
Hippoboscidae, 415
laelapids, 333
malarial parasites, 54
Phthiraptera, 402
ticks, 329, 335
Biting midges, 412
See also Ceratopogonidae
Bivalves, see Bivalvia
Bivalvia, 175
evolution of parasitism, 176
as hosts for
Eucestoda, 247
Oenonidae, 240
Pyramidellidae, 218
Spionidae, 242
trematodes, 5
as parasites
Galeommatoidea, 156–158, 164 (see
also Galeommatoidea)
Unionida, 164 (see also Unionida)
phylogeny, 175
symbiotic relationships, 154
Black flies, 412
See also Simuliidae
Black Spot disease, 92
Blattodea, 399, 400, 456
as hosts for
gregarines, 63
nematomorphs, 255
ripiphorids, 454
Scutacaroidea, 325
Strepsiptera, 455
Blister beetles, 406
See also Meloidae
Blood-feeding arthropods, 7, 410
Chironomoidea, 412
Cimicomorpha, 405
Culicoidea, 410
Culicomorpha, 411, 479
ectoparasites, 12 (see also Hematophagous
ectoparasites)
fossil record
Culicidae, 411
mid-Mesozoic flea-like insects, 408
Index