531
Vršanský P, Šmídová L, Sendi H, Barna P, Müller P, Ellenberger S, Wu H, Ren X, Lei X, Azar D,
Šurka J, Su T, Deng W, Shen X, Lv J, Bao T, Bechly G (2019) Parasitic cockroaches indicate
complex states of earliest proved ants. Biologia 74:65–89
Waage JK, Greathead DJ (1986) Insect parasitoids. Academic, London
Walker JD, Geissman JW, Bowring SA, Babcock LE (2013) The Geological Society of America
geologic time scale. Geol Soc Am Bull 125:259–272
Wang B, Kathirithamby J, Engel MS (2015) The first twisted-wing parasitoid in Eocene amber
from northeastern China (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae). J Nat Hist 50:1305–1313
Wang M, Rasnitsyn AP, Zhang HC, Shih CK, Ren D (2019) Revising the systematic position of the
extinct family Daohugoidae (basal Hymenoptera). J Syst Palaeontol 17:1025–1035
Wappler T, Smith VS, Dalgleish RC (2004) Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil.
Proc R Soc Lond B 271(Suppl):S255–S258
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism:
Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Wedmann S (2000) Die Insekten der oberoligozänen Fossillagerstätte Enspel (Westerwald,
Deutschland): Systematik, Biostrationomie und Paläoökologie. Mainz Naturwiss Arch
23:1–154
Wedmann S (2005) Annotated taxon-list of the invertebrate animals from the Eocene fossil site
Grube Messel near Darmstadt, Germany. Cour Forsch Senck 255:103–110
Wedmann S (2007) A nemestrinid fly (Insecta: Diptera: Nemestrinidae: cf Hirmoneura) from the
Eocene Messel pit (Germany). J Paleontol 81:1114–1117
Wedmann S, Yeates DK (2008) Eocene records of bee flies (Insecta, Diptera, Bombyliidae,
Comptosia): their palaeobiogeographic implications and remarks on the evolution history of
bombyliids. Palaeontology 51:231–240
Weiblen GD (2002) How to be a fig wasp. Annu Rev Entomol 47:299–330
Weinstein SB, Austin AD (1991) The host relationships of trigonalyid wasps (Hymenoptera:
Trigonalyidae) with a review of their biology and catalogue to world species. J Nat Hist
25:399–433
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett
12:20160324. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0324
Weirauch C, Munro JB (2009) Molecular phylogeny of the assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae),
based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 53:287–299
Weitschat W, Wichard W (2010) Baltic amber. In: Penney D (ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber
from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, UK, pp 80–115
Wellnhofer P (2008) Archaeopteryx. Der Urvogel von Solnhofen. Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munich
Wells A (1992) The first parasitic Trichoptera. Ecol Entomol 17:299–302
Wells A (2005) Parasitism by hydroptilid caddisflies (Trichoptera) and seven new species of
Hydroptilidae from northern Queensland. Aust J Entomol 44:385–391
Whitfield JB (1998) Phylogeny and evolution of host–parasitoid interactions in Hymenoptera.
Annu Rev Entomol 43:129–151
Whitfield JB (2003) Phylogenetic insights into the evolution of parasitism in Hymenoptera. Adv
Parasitol 54:69–99
Whiting MF, Whiting AS, Hastriter MW, Dittmar K (2008) A molecular phylogeny of fleas
(Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations. Cladistics 24:677–707
Wiegmann BM, Mitter C, Farrell B (1993) Diversification of carnivorous parasitic insects: extraordinary radiation or specialized dead end? Am Nat 142:737–754
Wiegmann BM, Trautwein MD, Winkler IS, Barr NB, Kim J-W, Lambkin C, Bertone MA, Casel
BK, Bayless KM, Heimberg AM, Wheeler BM, Peterson KJ, Pape T, Sinclair BJ, Skevington
JH, Blagoderov V, Caravas J, Kutty SN, Schmitt-Ott U, Kampmeier GE, Thomson FC, Grimaldi
DA, Beckenbach AT, Courtney GW, Friedrich M, Meier R, Yates DK (2011) Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:5690–5695
Williams RJ (2010) Network3D Software. Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution
Vršanský P, Šmídová L, Sendi H, Barna P, Müller P, Ellenberger S, Wu H, Ren X, Lei X, Azar D,
Šurka J, Su T, Deng W, Shen X, Lv J, Bao T, Bechly G (2019) Parasitic cockroaches indicate
complex states of earliest proved ants. Biologia 74:65–89
Waage JK, Greathead DJ (1986) Insect parasitoids. Academic, London
Walker JD, Geissman JW, Bowring SA, Babcock LE (2013) The Geological Society of America
geologic time scale. Geol Soc Am Bull 125:259–272
Wang B, Kathirithamby J, Engel MS (2015) The first twisted-wing parasitoid in Eocene amber
from northeastern China (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae). J Nat Hist 50:1305–1313
Wang M, Rasnitsyn AP, Zhang HC, Shih CK, Ren D (2019) Revising the systematic position of the
extinct family Daohugoidae (basal Hymenoptera). J Syst Palaeontol 17:1025–1035
Wappler T, Smith VS, Dalgleish RC (2004) Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil.
Proc R Soc Lond B 271(Suppl):S255–S258
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism:
Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Wedmann S (2000) Die Insekten der oberoligozänen Fossillagerstätte Enspel (Westerwald,
Deutschland): Systematik, Biostrationomie und Paläoökologie. Mainz Naturwiss Arch
23:1–154
Wedmann S (2005) Annotated taxon-list of the invertebrate animals from the Eocene fossil site
Grube Messel near Darmstadt, Germany. Cour Forsch Senck 255:103–110
Wedmann S (2007) A nemestrinid fly (Insecta: Diptera: Nemestrinidae: cf Hirmoneura) from the
Eocene Messel pit (Germany). J Paleontol 81:1114–1117
Wedmann S, Yeates DK (2008) Eocene records of bee flies (Insecta, Diptera, Bombyliidae,
Comptosia): their palaeobiogeographic implications and remarks on the evolution history of
bombyliids. Palaeontology 51:231–240
Weiblen GD (2002) How to be a fig wasp. Annu Rev Entomol 47:299–330
Weinstein SB, Austin AD (1991) The host relationships of trigonalyid wasps (Hymenoptera:
Trigonalyidae) with a review of their biology and catalogue to world species. J Nat Hist
25:399–433
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett
12:20160324. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0324
Weirauch C, Munro JB (2009) Molecular phylogeny of the assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae),
based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 53:287–299
Weitschat W, Wichard W (2010) Baltic amber. In: Penney D (ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber
from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, UK, pp 80–115
Wellnhofer P (2008) Archaeopteryx. Der Urvogel von Solnhofen. Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munich
Wells A (1992) The first parasitic Trichoptera. Ecol Entomol 17:299–302
Wells A (2005) Parasitism by hydroptilid caddisflies (Trichoptera) and seven new species of
Hydroptilidae from northern Queensland. Aust J Entomol 44:385–391
Whitfield JB (1998) Phylogeny and evolution of host–parasitoid interactions in Hymenoptera.
Annu Rev Entomol 43:129–151
Whitfield JB (2003) Phylogenetic insights into the evolution of parasitism in Hymenoptera. Adv
Parasitol 54:69–99
Whiting MF, Whiting AS, Hastriter MW, Dittmar K (2008) A molecular phylogeny of fleas
(Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations. Cladistics 24:677–707
Wiegmann BM, Mitter C, Farrell B (1993) Diversification of carnivorous parasitic insects: extraordinary radiation or specialized dead end? Am Nat 142:737–754
Wiegmann BM, Trautwein MD, Winkler IS, Barr NB, Kim J-W, Lambkin C, Bertone MA, Casel
BK, Bayless KM, Heimberg AM, Wheeler BM, Peterson KJ, Pape T, Sinclair BJ, Skevington
JH, Blagoderov V, Caravas J, Kutty SN, Schmitt-Ott U, Kampmeier GE, Thomson FC, Grimaldi
DA, Beckenbach AT, Courtney GW, Friedrich M, Meier R, Yates DK (2011) Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:5690–5695
Williams RJ (2010) Network3D Software. Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution