532
Williams RJ, Martinez ND (2004) Limits to trophic levels and omnivory in complex food webs:
theory and data. Am Nat 163:458–468
Wilson EO (1971) The insect societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA
Wilson JS, von Dohlen CD, Forister ML, Pitts JP (2013) Family-level divergences in the stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata), with correlations to angiosperm diversification. Evol Biol
40:101–107
Windsor DA (1998) Most species on Earth are parasites. Int J Parasitol 28:1939–1941
Winkler IS, Blaschke JD, Davis DJ, Stireman JO III, O’Hara JE, Cerretti P, Moulton JK (2015)
Explosive radiation or uninformative genes? Origin and early diversification of tachinid flies
(Diptera: Tachinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 88:38–54
Winterton SL, Wiegmann BM, Schlinger EI (2007) Phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimations of small-headed flies (Diptera: Acroceridae) using multiple molecular markers. Mol
Phylogenet Evol 43:808–832
Wood DM (2006) Morphology of adult Oestridae. In: Colwell DD, Hall MJR, Scholl PJ (eds) The
Oestrid flies: biology, host–parasite relationships, impact and management. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, pp 78–92
Yamamoto S, Maruyarna M, Parker J (2016) Evidence for social parasitism of early insect societies by Cretaceous rove beetles. Nat Commun 7:13658. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13658
Yao YZ, Cai WZ, Cai WZ, Xu X, Shih CK, Engel MS, Zheng XT, Zhao YY, Ren D (2014) Bloodfeeding true bugs in the Early Cretaceous. Curr Biol 24:1786–1792
Yeates DK, Greathead D (1997) The evolutionary pattern of host use in the Bombyliidae (Diptera):
a diverse family of parasitoid flies. Biol J Linn Soc 60:149–185
Yeates DK, Wiegmann BM (1999) Congruence and controversy: Toward a higher-level phylogeny
of Diptera. Annu Rev Entomol 44:397–428
Yoon I, Williams RJ, Levine E, Yoon S, Dunne JA, Martinez ND (2004) Webs on the Web (WoW):
3D visualization of ecological networks on the WWW for collaborative research and education. Electron Imag Conf Proc IS&T/SPIE Symp Electr Imag Visual Data Anal 5295:124–132
Yoshimoto CM (1975) Cretaceous chalcidoid fossils from Canadian amber. Can Entomol
107:499–528
Yu YL, Liu ZH, Shih CK, Ren D (2019) Coleoptera – beetles. In: Ren D, Shih CK, Gao TP, Wang
YG, Yao YZ (eds) Rhythms of insect evolution: evidence from the Jurassic and Cretaceous in
Northern China. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 336–428
Zaspel JM, Kononenko VS, Goldstein PZ (2007) Another blood feeder? Experimental feeding of
a fruit-piercing moth species on human blood in the Primorye territory of Far Eastern Russia
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae). J Insect Behav 20:437–451
Zaspel JM, Zahiri R, Hoy MA, Janzen D, Weller SJ, Wahlberg N (2012) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the vampire moths and their fruit-piercing relatives (Lepidoptera: Erebidae:
Calpinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:786–791
Zenker MM, Botton M, Teston JA, Specht A (2010) Noctuidae moths occurring in grape orchards
in Serra Gaúcha, Brazil and their relation to fruit-piercing. Rev Brasil Entomol 54:288–297
Zhang JF (2017) New findings of Flagellisargus J Zhang, 2012 (Diptera, Brachycera,
Archisargidae), with discussion of the placements of some controversial taxa. Deut Entomol
Z 64:111–122
Zhang HC, Rasnitsyn AP (2007) Nevaniinae subfam. n., a new fossil taxon (Insecta: Hymenoptera:
Evanioidea: Praeaulacidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China.
Insect Syst Evol 38:149–166
Zhang HC, Rasnitsyn AP (2008) Middle Jurassic Praeaulacidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera:
Evanioidea) of Inner Mongolia and Kazakhstan. J Syst Palaeontol 6:463–487
Zhang HC, Zhang JF (2001) Proctotrupoid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from the Yixian
Formation of western Liaoning Province. Acta Micropaleont Sin 18:11–28
Zhang HC, Rasnitsyn AP, Zhang JF (2002a) Two ephialtitid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera,
Ephialtitoidea) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Cretac Res 23:401–407
C. C. Labandeira and L. Li
Williams RJ, Martinez ND (2004) Limits to trophic levels and omnivory in complex food webs:
theory and data. Am Nat 163:458–468
Wilson EO (1971) The insect societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA
Wilson JS, von Dohlen CD, Forister ML, Pitts JP (2013) Family-level divergences in the stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata), with correlations to angiosperm diversification. Evol Biol
40:101–107
Windsor DA (1998) Most species on Earth are parasites. Int J Parasitol 28:1939–1941
Winkler IS, Blaschke JD, Davis DJ, Stireman JO III, O’Hara JE, Cerretti P, Moulton JK (2015)
Explosive radiation or uninformative genes? Origin and early diversification of tachinid flies
(Diptera: Tachinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 88:38–54
Winterton SL, Wiegmann BM, Schlinger EI (2007) Phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimations of small-headed flies (Diptera: Acroceridae) using multiple molecular markers. Mol
Phylogenet Evol 43:808–832
Wood DM (2006) Morphology of adult Oestridae. In: Colwell DD, Hall MJR, Scholl PJ (eds) The
Oestrid flies: biology, host–parasite relationships, impact and management. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, pp 78–92
Yamamoto S, Maruyarna M, Parker J (2016) Evidence for social parasitism of early insect societies by Cretaceous rove beetles. Nat Commun 7:13658. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13658
Yao YZ, Cai WZ, Cai WZ, Xu X, Shih CK, Engel MS, Zheng XT, Zhao YY, Ren D (2014) Bloodfeeding true bugs in the Early Cretaceous. Curr Biol 24:1786–1792
Yeates DK, Greathead D (1997) The evolutionary pattern of host use in the Bombyliidae (Diptera):
a diverse family of parasitoid flies. Biol J Linn Soc 60:149–185
Yeates DK, Wiegmann BM (1999) Congruence and controversy: Toward a higher-level phylogeny
of Diptera. Annu Rev Entomol 44:397–428
Yoon I, Williams RJ, Levine E, Yoon S, Dunne JA, Martinez ND (2004) Webs on the Web (WoW):
3D visualization of ecological networks on the WWW for collaborative research and education. Electron Imag Conf Proc IS&T/SPIE Symp Electr Imag Visual Data Anal 5295:124–132
Yoshimoto CM (1975) Cretaceous chalcidoid fossils from Canadian amber. Can Entomol
107:499–528
Yu YL, Liu ZH, Shih CK, Ren D (2019) Coleoptera – beetles. In: Ren D, Shih CK, Gao TP, Wang
YG, Yao YZ (eds) Rhythms of insect evolution: evidence from the Jurassic and Cretaceous in
Northern China. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 336–428
Zaspel JM, Kononenko VS, Goldstein PZ (2007) Another blood feeder? Experimental feeding of
a fruit-piercing moth species on human blood in the Primorye territory of Far Eastern Russia
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae). J Insect Behav 20:437–451
Zaspel JM, Zahiri R, Hoy MA, Janzen D, Weller SJ, Wahlberg N (2012) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the vampire moths and their fruit-piercing relatives (Lepidoptera: Erebidae:
Calpinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:786–791
Zenker MM, Botton M, Teston JA, Specht A (2010) Noctuidae moths occurring in grape orchards
in Serra Gaúcha, Brazil and their relation to fruit-piercing. Rev Brasil Entomol 54:288–297
Zhang JF (2017) New findings of Flagellisargus J Zhang, 2012 (Diptera, Brachycera,
Archisargidae), with discussion of the placements of some controversial taxa. Deut Entomol
Z 64:111–122
Zhang HC, Rasnitsyn AP (2007) Nevaniinae subfam. n., a new fossil taxon (Insecta: Hymenoptera:
Evanioidea: Praeaulacidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China.
Insect Syst Evol 38:149–166
Zhang HC, Rasnitsyn AP (2008) Middle Jurassic Praeaulacidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera:
Evanioidea) of Inner Mongolia and Kazakhstan. J Syst Palaeontol 6:463–487
Zhang HC, Zhang JF (2001) Proctotrupoid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from the Yixian
Formation of western Liaoning Province. Acta Micropaleont Sin 18:11–28
Zhang HC, Rasnitsyn AP, Zhang JF (2002a) Two ephialtitid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera,
Ephialtitoidea) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Cretac Res 23:401–407
C. C. Labandeira and L. Li