504
Bologna MA, Oliverio M, Pitzalis M, Marioittini P (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary history of
the blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 48:679–693
Bologna MA, Turco F, Pinto JD (2010) Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810. In: Leschen RAB, Beutel
RG, Lawrence JF (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie; Band IV: Arthropoda: Insecta; Teilband 38:
Coleoptera, Beetles, Morphology and systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia
partim), vol 2. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 681–693
Bologna MA, Di Giulio AD (2011) Biological and morphological adaptations in the pro- imaginal
phases of the beetle family Meloidae. Atti Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia
59:141–152
Borkent A (2001) Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the earliest extant lineage of biting
midge, discovered in 120–122 million-year-old Lebanese amber. Am Mus Novit 3328:1–11
Borkent A, Grimaldi DA (2004) The earliest fossil mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), in midCretaceous Burmese amber. Ann Entomol Soc Am 97(5):882–888
Bouček Z, Noyes JS (1987) Rotoitidae, a curious new family of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from
New Zealand. Syst Entomol 12:407–412
Bouchet F, Lavaud F (1999) Solenophagy and telmophagy: biting mechanisms among various
hematophagous insects. Allerg Immun 31:346–350
Boucot AJ, Poinar GO Jr (2010) Fossil behavior compendium. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Bown TM, Hasiotis ST, Genise JF, Maldonado F, Brouwers EM (1997) Trace fossils of
Hymenoptera and other insects and paleoenvironments of the Claron Formation (Paleocene
and Eocene), Southwestern Utah, U.S. Geol Surv Bull 2153:42–58
Bradley F, Landini W (1984) I fossili del “tripoli” messiano di Gabbro (Livorno). Palaeontogr
Ital 73:5–33
Brandão CR, Martins-Neto RG, Vulcano MA (1989) The earliest known fossil ant (first Southern
Hemisphere Mesozoic record) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmecinae). Psyche 95:195–208
Brandt M, Foitzik S, Fischer-Blass B, Heinze J (2005) The coevolutionary dynamics of obligate ant social parasite systems–between prudence and antagonism. Biological Reviews,
80(2):251–267
Bravo F, Pohl H, Silva-Neto A, Beutel RG (2009) Bahiaxenidae, a “living fossil” and a new family
of Strepsiptera (Hexapoda) discovered in Brazil. Cladistics 25(6):614–623
Briggs DE, Summons RE (2014) Ancient biomolecules: their origins, fossilization, and role in
revealing the history of life. BioEssays 36:482–490
Brothers D (1995) Bradynobaeniidae. In: Hanson PE, Gauld ID (eds) The Hymenoptera of Costa
Rica. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 541–548
Brown VK (1973) The biology and development of Brachygaster minutus Olivier (Hymenoptera:
Evaniidae), a parasite of the oothecae of Ectobius spp. (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). J Nat Hist
7:665–674
Brown BV (1997) Systematics and fossil evidence of host-parasitoid relationships of Calamiscus
Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae). J Nat Hist 31:1253–1259
Brown BV (1998) Re-evaluation of the fossil Phoridae (Diptera). J Nat Hist 33:1561–1573
Brues CT (1933) The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Baltic amber. Part 1. Bernstein
Forschungen 3:4–178
Brues CT (1937) Superfamilies Ichneumonoidea, Serphoidea and Chalcidoidea. In: Carpenter FM,
Folsom JW, Essig EO, Kinsey AC, Brues CT et al (eds) Insects and Arachnids from Canadian
amber, Univ Toronto Geol Ser, vol 40. University of Toronto Press, Canada, pp 1–62
Brues CT (1940) Fossil parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Scelionidae from Baltic amber. Proc
Am Acad Arts Sci 74:69–90
Budd GE, Mann RP (2018) History is written by the victors: the effect of the push of the past on
the fossil record. Evolution 72:2276–2291
Buffington ML, Perkovsky EE, Brady SG (2014) The description of Rovnoeucoila tympanomorpha Buffington and Perkovsky, a new genus and species of fossil eucoiline, with observations
on the asynchronous evolution of Diglyphosematini (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae).
Proc Entomol Soc Wash 116(3):243–255
C. C. Labandeira and L. Li
Bologna MA, Oliverio M, Pitzalis M, Marioittini P (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary history of
the blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 48:679–693
Bologna MA, Turco F, Pinto JD (2010) Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810. In: Leschen RAB, Beutel
RG, Lawrence JF (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie; Band IV: Arthropoda: Insecta; Teilband 38:
Coleoptera, Beetles, Morphology and systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia
partim), vol 2. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 681–693
Bologna MA, Di Giulio AD (2011) Biological and morphological adaptations in the pro- imaginal
phases of the beetle family Meloidae. Atti Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia
59:141–152
Borkent A (2001) Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the earliest extant lineage of biting
midge, discovered in 120–122 million-year-old Lebanese amber. Am Mus Novit 3328:1–11
Borkent A, Grimaldi DA (2004) The earliest fossil mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), in midCretaceous Burmese amber. Ann Entomol Soc Am 97(5):882–888
Bouček Z, Noyes JS (1987) Rotoitidae, a curious new family of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from
New Zealand. Syst Entomol 12:407–412
Bouchet F, Lavaud F (1999) Solenophagy and telmophagy: biting mechanisms among various
hematophagous insects. Allerg Immun 31:346–350
Boucot AJ, Poinar GO Jr (2010) Fossil behavior compendium. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Bown TM, Hasiotis ST, Genise JF, Maldonado F, Brouwers EM (1997) Trace fossils of
Hymenoptera and other insects and paleoenvironments of the Claron Formation (Paleocene
and Eocene), Southwestern Utah, U.S. Geol Surv Bull 2153:42–58
Bradley F, Landini W (1984) I fossili del “tripoli” messiano di Gabbro (Livorno). Palaeontogr
Ital 73:5–33
Brandão CR, Martins-Neto RG, Vulcano MA (1989) The earliest known fossil ant (first Southern
Hemisphere Mesozoic record) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmecinae). Psyche 95:195–208
Brandt M, Foitzik S, Fischer-Blass B, Heinze J (2005) The coevolutionary dynamics of obligate ant social parasite systems–between prudence and antagonism. Biological Reviews,
80(2):251–267
Bravo F, Pohl H, Silva-Neto A, Beutel RG (2009) Bahiaxenidae, a “living fossil” and a new family
of Strepsiptera (Hexapoda) discovered in Brazil. Cladistics 25(6):614–623
Briggs DE, Summons RE (2014) Ancient biomolecules: their origins, fossilization, and role in
revealing the history of life. BioEssays 36:482–490
Brothers D (1995) Bradynobaeniidae. In: Hanson PE, Gauld ID (eds) The Hymenoptera of Costa
Rica. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 541–548
Brown VK (1973) The biology and development of Brachygaster minutus Olivier (Hymenoptera:
Evaniidae), a parasite of the oothecae of Ectobius spp. (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). J Nat Hist
7:665–674
Brown BV (1997) Systematics and fossil evidence of host-parasitoid relationships of Calamiscus
Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae). J Nat Hist 31:1253–1259
Brown BV (1998) Re-evaluation of the fossil Phoridae (Diptera). J Nat Hist 33:1561–1573
Brues CT (1933) The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Baltic amber. Part 1. Bernstein
Forschungen 3:4–178
Brues CT (1937) Superfamilies Ichneumonoidea, Serphoidea and Chalcidoidea. In: Carpenter FM,
Folsom JW, Essig EO, Kinsey AC, Brues CT et al (eds) Insects and Arachnids from Canadian
amber, Univ Toronto Geol Ser, vol 40. University of Toronto Press, Canada, pp 1–62
Brues CT (1940) Fossil parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Scelionidae from Baltic amber. Proc
Am Acad Arts Sci 74:69–90
Budd GE, Mann RP (2018) History is written by the victors: the effect of the push of the past on
the fossil record. Evolution 72:2276–2291
Buffington ML, Perkovsky EE, Brady SG (2014) The description of Rovnoeucoila tympanomorpha Buffington and Perkovsky, a new genus and species of fossil eucoiline, with observations
on the asynchronous evolution of Diglyphosematini (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae).
Proc Entomol Soc Wash 116(3):243–255
C. C. Labandeira and L. Li