444
Table 11.1 (continued)
Taxon
a
Parasitoid larval life-habit
b
Dominant larval hosts
c
Host stage of
larval parasitoid
attack
d
Geochronologic
range
e
References
f
Sierolomorphidae
Ectoparasitoid
i
, predator
i
—
—
Turonian–
Recent
Evans (1961), Rasnitsyn
(2000), Grimaldi and
Engel (2005a)
Tiphiidae
Ectoparasitoid, predator
Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae;
Coleoptera: Carabidae,
Cincidellidae, Scarabaeidae, perhaps
Curculionidae
Nymphs, last
instar larvae
Aptian–Recent Clausen (1940), Knisley
et al. (1989), Darling and
Sharkey (1990),
Grimaldi and Engel
(2005a)
Apoidea
Ampulicidae
Ectoparasitoid to
endoparasitoid, predator
Blattodea
Nymphs, adults ?Albian–Recent Clausen (1940), Bohart
and Menke (1976),
Brandão et al. (1989),
Antropov (2000),
Rasnitsyn (2002), Engel
and Grimaldi 2005a
Crabronidae
Ectoparasitoid to
endoparasitoid, predator
Ephemeroptera; Hemiptera:
Sternorrhyncha; Coleoptera; Diptera:
Syrphidae; Lepidoptera;
Hymenoptera; Acari
Larvae, adults,
nymphs
Cenomanian–
Recent
Clausen (1940), Bohart
and Menke (1976),
Antropov (2000)
Heterogynaidae
Ectoparasitoid to
endoparasitoid, predator
i
—
—
Recent
Bohart and Menke
(1976), Grimaldi and
Engel (2005a)
Sphecidae
Ectoparasitoid to
endoparasitoid predator
Orthoptera: Acrididae,
Gryllidae, Stenopelmatidae;
Blattodea; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Nymphs, adults,
larvae
Cenomanian–
Recent
Clausen (1940), Bohart
and Menke (1976),
Darling and Sharkey
(1990), Antropov (2000)
a
Subclades lacking parasitoid behaviors are not included. A dagger (†) indicates an extinct lineage
C. C. Labandeira and L. Li