441
Taxon
a
Parasitoid larval life-habit
b
Dominant larval hosts
c
Host stage of
larval parasitoid
attack
d
Geochronologic
range
e
References
f
Ichneumonidae
Ectoparasitoid, some
endoparasitoids
Coleoptera; Neuroptera;
Diptera; Trichoptera; Lepidoptera;
Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae;
Araneae
Aphid nymphs,
larvae and
pupae of wood
borers; ants
Berriasian–
Recent
Brues (1937), Rasnitsyn
(1983), Whitfield
(2003), Perrichot et al.
(2008), Li et al. (2017a),
Spasojevic et al. (2017),
Quevillon and Hughes
(2018)
Aculeata
Chrysidoidea
Bethylidae
Ectoparasitoid
Coleoptera: Curculionidae,
Cerambycidae; Lepidoptera
Larvae
Cenomanian–
Recent
Clausen (1940), Evans
(1969), Grimaldi and
Engel (2005a), Perrichot
and Nel (2008), Zhang
et al. (2018a)
“Bethylonymidae”
†
Ectoparasitoid
i
—
Larvae
i
Tithonian–
Hauterivian
Rasnitsyn (1975, 1988),
Grimaldi and Engel
(2005a)
Chrysididae
Ectoparasitoid, endoparasitoid,
cleptoparasitoid
Phasmatodea; Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinidae, Diprionidae,
Vespidae, Apoidea; Lepidoptera
Eggs, larvae,
pupae
Cenomanian–
Recent
Cockerell (1917),
Clausen (1940), Kimsey
and Bohart (1990),
Whitfield (1998),
Grimaldi and Engel
(2005a), Zhang et al.
(2018a)
(continued)
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution