265
Kodandaramaiah U (2011) Tectonic calibrations in molecular dating. Curr Zool 57(1):116–124.
https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.1.116
Kouchinsky A, Bengtson S, Landing E, Steiner M, Vendrasco M, Ziegler K (2017) Terreneuvian
stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia. Acta Palaeontol Pol 62(2):311–440.
https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00289.2016
Kozur H (1970) Fossile Hirudinea aus dem Oberjura von Bayern. Lethaia 3(3): 225–232. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1502- 3931.1970.tb01267.x
Lanterbecq D, Bleidorn C, Michel S, Eeckhaut I (2008) Locomotion and fine structure of parapodia in Myzostoma cirriferum (Myzostomida). Zoomorphology 127. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00435- 007- 0052- 2
Laumer CE, Giribet G (2014) Inclusive taxon sampling suggests a single, stepwise origin of
ectolecithality in Platyhelminthes. Biol J Linn Soc 111(3):570–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/
bij.12236
Laumer CE, Bekkouche N, Kerbl A, Goetz F, Neves RC, Sørensen MV (2015a) Spiralian phylogeny informs the evolution of microscopic lineages. Curr Biol 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cub.2015.06.068
Laumer CE, Hejnol A, Giribet G (2015b) Nuclear genomic signals of the ‘microturbellarian’ roots
of platyhelminth evolutionary innovation. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05503
Laumer CE, Fernández R, Lemer S, Combosch D, Kocot KM, Riesgo A, Andrade SCS, Sterrer
W, Sørensen MV, Giribet G (2019) Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of
all phyla. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 286(1906):20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831
Leduc D, Zhao ZQ, Verdon V, Xu Y (2018) Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic deep-sea nematode order Rhaptothyreida: a molecular analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 122:29–36. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.018
Leduc D, Zhao ZQ (2019) Phylogenetic position of the parasitic nematode Trophomera (Nematoda,
Benthimermithidae): a molecular analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 132:177–182
Leung TL (2017) Fossils of parasites: what can the fossil record tell us about the evolution of parasitism? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 92(1):410–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12238
Leung TLF (2021) Parasites of fossil vertebrates: what we know and what can we expect from the
fossil record? In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil Record of Parasitism:
Identification and macroevolution of parasites. Topics in Geobiology 49
Li L, Lu L, Nadler SA, Gibson DI, Zhang LP, Chen HX, Zhao WT, Guo YN (2018) Molecular
phylogeny and dating reveal a terrestrial origin in the early carboniferous for ascaridoid nematodes. Syst Biol 67(5):888–900. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy018
Liljedahl L (1985) Ecological aspects of a silicified bivalve fauna from the Silurian of Gotland.
Lethaia 18(1): 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502- 3931.1985.tb00684.x
Littlewood DTJ (2006) The evolution of parasitism in flatworms. In: Maule AG, Marks NJ (eds)
Parasitic flatworms: molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology and physiology. CABI,
Wallingford, pp 1–36
Littlewood DTJ, Donovan SK (2003) Fossil parasites: a case of identity. Geol Today 19(4):136–142
Lockyer AE, Olson PD, Littlewood DTJ (2003) Utility of complete large and small subunit rRNA
genes in resolving the phylogeny of the Neodermata (Platyhelminthes): implications and a
review of the cercomer theory. Biol J Linn Soc 78(2):155–171
Lukševičs E, Stinkulis Ģ, Mūrnieks A, Popovs K (2012) Geological evolution of the Baltic Artesian
Basin. In: Delina A, Kalvans A, Saks T, Bethers U, Vircavs V (eds) Highlights of groundwater
research in the Baltic Artesian Basin. University of Latvia, Riga, pp 7–52
Lukševičs E, Stinkulis Ģ, Saks T, Popovs K, Jātnieks J (2014) The Devonian stratigraphic succession and evolution of the Baltic Sedimentary Basin. In: Rocha R, Pais J, Kullberg JC, Finney
S (eds) STRATI 2013. Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg, pp 539–541. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978- 3- 319- 04364- 7_103
Maas A (2013) Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera: the fossil record. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa
A (ed) Handbook of zoology, vol 1. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 11–28
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution
Kodandaramaiah U (2011) Tectonic calibrations in molecular dating. Curr Zool 57(1):116–124.
https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.1.116
Kouchinsky A, Bengtson S, Landing E, Steiner M, Vendrasco M, Ziegler K (2017) Terreneuvian
stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia. Acta Palaeontol Pol 62(2):311–440.
https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00289.2016
Kozur H (1970) Fossile Hirudinea aus dem Oberjura von Bayern. Lethaia 3(3): 225–232. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1502- 3931.1970.tb01267.x
Lanterbecq D, Bleidorn C, Michel S, Eeckhaut I (2008) Locomotion and fine structure of parapodia in Myzostoma cirriferum (Myzostomida). Zoomorphology 127. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00435- 007- 0052- 2
Laumer CE, Giribet G (2014) Inclusive taxon sampling suggests a single, stepwise origin of
ectolecithality in Platyhelminthes. Biol J Linn Soc 111(3):570–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/
bij.12236
Laumer CE, Bekkouche N, Kerbl A, Goetz F, Neves RC, Sørensen MV (2015a) Spiralian phylogeny informs the evolution of microscopic lineages. Curr Biol 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cub.2015.06.068
Laumer CE, Hejnol A, Giribet G (2015b) Nuclear genomic signals of the ‘microturbellarian’ roots
of platyhelminth evolutionary innovation. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05503
Laumer CE, Fernández R, Lemer S, Combosch D, Kocot KM, Riesgo A, Andrade SCS, Sterrer
W, Sørensen MV, Giribet G (2019) Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of
all phyla. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 286(1906):20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831
Leduc D, Zhao ZQ, Verdon V, Xu Y (2018) Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic deep-sea nematode order Rhaptothyreida: a molecular analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 122:29–36. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.018
Leduc D, Zhao ZQ (2019) Phylogenetic position of the parasitic nematode Trophomera (Nematoda,
Benthimermithidae): a molecular analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 132:177–182
Leung TL (2017) Fossils of parasites: what can the fossil record tell us about the evolution of parasitism? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 92(1):410–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12238
Leung TLF (2021) Parasites of fossil vertebrates: what we know and what can we expect from the
fossil record? In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil Record of Parasitism:
Identification and macroevolution of parasites. Topics in Geobiology 49
Li L, Lu L, Nadler SA, Gibson DI, Zhang LP, Chen HX, Zhao WT, Guo YN (2018) Molecular
phylogeny and dating reveal a terrestrial origin in the early carboniferous for ascaridoid nematodes. Syst Biol 67(5):888–900. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy018
Liljedahl L (1985) Ecological aspects of a silicified bivalve fauna from the Silurian of Gotland.
Lethaia 18(1): 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502- 3931.1985.tb00684.x
Littlewood DTJ (2006) The evolution of parasitism in flatworms. In: Maule AG, Marks NJ (eds)
Parasitic flatworms: molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology and physiology. CABI,
Wallingford, pp 1–36
Littlewood DTJ, Donovan SK (2003) Fossil parasites: a case of identity. Geol Today 19(4):136–142
Lockyer AE, Olson PD, Littlewood DTJ (2003) Utility of complete large and small subunit rRNA
genes in resolving the phylogeny of the Neodermata (Platyhelminthes): implications and a
review of the cercomer theory. Biol J Linn Soc 78(2):155–171
Lukševičs E, Stinkulis Ģ, Mūrnieks A, Popovs K (2012) Geological evolution of the Baltic Artesian
Basin. In: Delina A, Kalvans A, Saks T, Bethers U, Vircavs V (eds) Highlights of groundwater
research in the Baltic Artesian Basin. University of Latvia, Riga, pp 7–52
Lukševičs E, Stinkulis Ģ, Saks T, Popovs K, Jātnieks J (2014) The Devonian stratigraphic succession and evolution of the Baltic Sedimentary Basin. In: Rocha R, Pais J, Kullberg JC, Finney
S (eds) STRATI 2013. Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg, pp 539–541. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978- 3- 319- 04364- 7_103
Maas A (2013) Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera: the fossil record. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa
A (ed) Handbook of zoology, vol 1. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 11–28
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution