261
Brett CE, Baird GC, Bartholomew AJ, DeSantis MK, Ver Straeten CA (2011) Sequence stratigraphy
and a revised sea-level curve for the Middle Devonian of eastern North America. Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 304(1):21–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.009
Brooks DR (1989) The phylogeny of the Cercomeria (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) and general
evolutionary principles. J Parasitol 75(4):606–616
Caira JN, Littlewood DTJ (2013) Worms, Platyhelminthes. In: Levin SA (ed) Encyclopedia of
biodiversity, vol 7, 2nd edn. Academic, Waltham, MA, pp 437–469
Camacho M, Araújo A, Morrow J, Buikstra J, Reinhard K (2018) Recovering parasites from
mummies and coprolites: an epidemiological approach. Parasit Vectors 11(1):248. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s13071- 018- 2729- 4
Cameron B (1967) Fossilization of an ancient (Devonian) soft-bodied worm. Science
155(3767):1246–1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3767.1246
Cameron B (1969) Paleozoic shell-boring annelids and their trace fossils. Am Zool 9(3):689–703.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/9.3.689
Cardia DFF, Bertini RJ, Camossi LG, Letizio LA (2018) The first record of Ascaridoidea eggs
discovered in Crocodyliformes hosts from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. Rev Bras Paleontol
21(3):238–244. https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2018.3.04
Cardia DFF, Bertini RJ, Camossi LG, Letizio LA (2019a) First record of Acanthocephala parasites
eggs in coprolites preliminary assigned to Crocodyliformes from the Adamantina Formation
(Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), São Paulo, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 91(Suppl.
2):e20170848. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001- 3765201920170848
Cardia DFF, Bertini RJ, Camossi LG, Letizio LA (2019b) Two new species of ascaridoid nematodes in Brazilian Crocodylomorpha from the Upper Cretaceous. Parasitol Int 72:101947.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2019.101947
Caron J-B, Cheung B (2019) Amiskwia is a large Cambrian gnathiferan with complex
gnathostomulid- like jaws. Commun Biol 2(1):164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003- 019- 0388- 4
Castellani C, Maas A, Waloszek D, Haug JT (2011) New pentastomids from the Late Cambrian
of Sweden—deeper insight of the ontogeny of fossil tongue worms. Palaeontogr Abt A
293(4–6):95–145. https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/293/2011/95
Castro MC, Goin FJ, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, Vieytes EC, Tsukui K, Ramezani J, Batezelli A, Marsola
JCA, Langer MCA (2018) Late Cretaceous mammal from Brazil and the first radioisotopic age
for the Bauru Group. R Soc Open Sci 5(5):180482. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180482
Chen H, Parry LA, Vinther J, Zhai D, Xianguang H, Ma XA (2020) A Cambrian crown annelid
reconciles phylogenomics and the fossil record. Nature 583:249–252. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41586- 020- 2384- 8
Chin K (2002) Analyses of coprolites produced by carnivorous vertebrates. Paleontol Soc Pap
8:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1089332600001042
Chin K (2021) Gastrointestinal parasites of ancient non-human vertebrates: evidence from coprolites and other materials. In: De Baets, K., Huntley, J. W. (eds). The evolution and fossil record
of parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Cisneros JC, Abdala F, Atayman-Güven S, Rubidge BS, Şengör AMC, Schultz CL (2012)
Carnivorous dinocephalian from the Middle Permian of Brazil and tetrapod dispersal in
Pangaea. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(5):1584–1588. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115975109
Collins AG, Lipps JH, Valentine JW (2000) Modern mucociliary creeping trails and the bodyplans
of neoproterozoic trace-makers. Paleobiology 26(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666060
Condon D, Zhu M, Bowring S, Wang W, Yang A, Jin Y (2005) U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic
Doushantuo formation, China. Science 308(5718):95–98. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1107765
Cong P, Ma X, Williams M, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Gabbott SE, Zhai D, Goral T, Edgecombe
GD, Hou X (2017) Host-specific infestation in early Cambrian worms. Nat Ecol Evol
1(10):1465–1469. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559- 017- 0278- 4
Conway Morris S (1981) Parasites and the fossil record. Parasitology 83(3):489–509
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution
Brett CE, Baird GC, Bartholomew AJ, DeSantis MK, Ver Straeten CA (2011) Sequence stratigraphy
and a revised sea-level curve for the Middle Devonian of eastern North America. Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 304(1):21–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.009
Brooks DR (1989) The phylogeny of the Cercomeria (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) and general
evolutionary principles. J Parasitol 75(4):606–616
Caira JN, Littlewood DTJ (2013) Worms, Platyhelminthes. In: Levin SA (ed) Encyclopedia of
biodiversity, vol 7, 2nd edn. Academic, Waltham, MA, pp 437–469
Camacho M, Araújo A, Morrow J, Buikstra J, Reinhard K (2018) Recovering parasites from
mummies and coprolites: an epidemiological approach. Parasit Vectors 11(1):248. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s13071- 018- 2729- 4
Cameron B (1967) Fossilization of an ancient (Devonian) soft-bodied worm. Science
155(3767):1246–1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3767.1246
Cameron B (1969) Paleozoic shell-boring annelids and their trace fossils. Am Zool 9(3):689–703.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/9.3.689
Cardia DFF, Bertini RJ, Camossi LG, Letizio LA (2018) The first record of Ascaridoidea eggs
discovered in Crocodyliformes hosts from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. Rev Bras Paleontol
21(3):238–244. https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2018.3.04
Cardia DFF, Bertini RJ, Camossi LG, Letizio LA (2019a) First record of Acanthocephala parasites
eggs in coprolites preliminary assigned to Crocodyliformes from the Adamantina Formation
(Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), São Paulo, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 91(Suppl.
2):e20170848. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001- 3765201920170848
Cardia DFF, Bertini RJ, Camossi LG, Letizio LA (2019b) Two new species of ascaridoid nematodes in Brazilian Crocodylomorpha from the Upper Cretaceous. Parasitol Int 72:101947.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2019.101947
Caron J-B, Cheung B (2019) Amiskwia is a large Cambrian gnathiferan with complex
gnathostomulid- like jaws. Commun Biol 2(1):164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003- 019- 0388- 4
Castellani C, Maas A, Waloszek D, Haug JT (2011) New pentastomids from the Late Cambrian
of Sweden—deeper insight of the ontogeny of fossil tongue worms. Palaeontogr Abt A
293(4–6):95–145. https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/293/2011/95
Castro MC, Goin FJ, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, Vieytes EC, Tsukui K, Ramezani J, Batezelli A, Marsola
JCA, Langer MCA (2018) Late Cretaceous mammal from Brazil and the first radioisotopic age
for the Bauru Group. R Soc Open Sci 5(5):180482. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180482
Chen H, Parry LA, Vinther J, Zhai D, Xianguang H, Ma XA (2020) A Cambrian crown annelid
reconciles phylogenomics and the fossil record. Nature 583:249–252. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41586- 020- 2384- 8
Chin K (2002) Analyses of coprolites produced by carnivorous vertebrates. Paleontol Soc Pap
8:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1089332600001042
Chin K (2021) Gastrointestinal parasites of ancient non-human vertebrates: evidence from coprolites and other materials. In: De Baets, K., Huntley, J. W. (eds). The evolution and fossil record
of parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Cisneros JC, Abdala F, Atayman-Güven S, Rubidge BS, Şengör AMC, Schultz CL (2012)
Carnivorous dinocephalian from the Middle Permian of Brazil and tetrapod dispersal in
Pangaea. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(5):1584–1588. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115975109
Collins AG, Lipps JH, Valentine JW (2000) Modern mucociliary creeping trails and the bodyplans
of neoproterozoic trace-makers. Paleobiology 26(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666060
Condon D, Zhu M, Bowring S, Wang W, Yang A, Jin Y (2005) U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic
Doushantuo formation, China. Science 308(5718):95–98. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1107765
Cong P, Ma X, Williams M, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Gabbott SE, Zhai D, Goral T, Edgecombe
GD, Hou X (2017) Host-specific infestation in early Cambrian worms. Nat Ecol Evol
1(10):1465–1469. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559- 017- 0278- 4
Conway Morris S (1981) Parasites and the fossil record. Parasitology 83(3):489–509
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution