151
Rauch G, Kalbe M, Reusch TBH (2005) How a complex life cycle can improve a parasite’s sex
life. J Evol Biol 18:1069–1075
Reitzel AM, Sullivan JC, Finnerty JR (2006) Qualitative shift to indirect development in the parasitic sea anemone Edwardsiella lineata. Integr Comp Biol 46:827–837
Richter G, Baszio S (2001) Traces of a limnic food web in the Eocene Lake Messel—a preliminary
report based on fish coprolite analyses. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 166:345–368
Richter G, Wedmann S (2005) Ecology of the Eocene Lake Messel revealed by analysis of small
fish coprolites and sediments from a drilling core. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimtol Palaeoecol
223:147–161
Rodríguez E, Barbeitos MS, Brugler MR, Crowley LM, Grajales A et al (2014) Hidden among
sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria
(Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS One 9(5):e96998
Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004) Invertebrate zoology. A functional evolutionary approach,
7th edn. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont
Ryan JF et al (2013) The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell
type evolution. Science 342:1242592
Sarker S, Kallert DM, Hedrick RP, El-Matbouli M (2015) Whirling disease revisited: pathogenesis, parasite biology and disease intervention. Dis Aquat Org 114:155–175
Schierwater B, Eitel M, Jakob W, Osigus HJ, Hadrys H, Dellaporta SL, Kolokotronis SO, DeSalle
R (2009) Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern
“urmetazoon” hypothesis. PLoS Biol 7:36–44
Schmid-Hempel P (2011) Evolutionary parasitology. The integrated study of infections, immunology, ecology, and genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Siddall ME, Martin DS, Bridge D, Desser SS, Cone DK (1995) The demise of a phylum of protists:
phylogeny of Myxozoa and other parasitic Cnidaria. J Parasitol 81:961–967
Simion P, Philippe H, Baurain D, Jager M, Richter DJ, Di Franco A, Roure B, Satoh N, Quéinnec
É, Ereskovsky A, Lapébie P, Corre E, Delsuc F, King N, Wörheide G, Manuel M (2017) A large
and consistent phylogenomic dataset supports sponges as the sister group to all other animals.
Curr Biol 27:958–967
Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Wahli T, Holland JW, Secombes CJ (2015) Fish immune
responses to Myxozoa. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution,
ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 253–280
Spaulding JG (1972) The life cycle of Peachia quinquecapitata, an anemone parasitic on medusae
during its larval development. Biol Bull 143:440–453
Steinel NC, Bolnick DI (2017) Melanomacrophage centers as a histological indicator of immune
function in fish and other poikilotherms. Front Immunol 8:827
Strona G (2015) Past, present and future of host–parasite coextinctions. Int J Parasitol Parasites
Wildl 4:431–441
Struck TH, Paul C, Hill N, Hartmann S, Hösel C, Kube M, Lieb B, Meyer A, Tiedemann R,
Purschke G, Bleidorn C (2011) Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution. Nature
471:95–98
Struck TH, Golombek A, Weigert A, Franke FA, Westheide W, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Halanych
KM (2015) The evolution of annelids reveals two adaptive routes to the interstitial realm. Curr
Biol 25:1993–1999
Taylor PD, Waeschenbach A (2015) Phylogeny and diversification of bryozoans. Palaeontology
58:585–599
Timm T, Vinn O, Buscalioni ÁD (2016) Soft-bodied annelids (Oligochaeta) from the Lower
Cretaceous (La Huérguina formation) of the Las Hoyas Konservat-Lagerstätte, Spain. N Jb
Geol Paläont (Abh) 280:315–324
Tsai IJ, Zarowiecki M, Holroyd N, Garciarrubio A, Sanchez-Flores A, Brooks KL, Tracey A,
Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Aslett M, Beasley H, Bennett HM, Cai J, Camicia F, Clark R,
Cucher M, De Silva N, Day TA, Deplazes P, Estrada K, Fernández C, Holland PWH, Hou J, Hu
S, Huckvale T, Hung SS, Kamenetzky L, Keane JA, Kiss F, Koziol U, Lambert O, Liu K, Luo
X, Luo Y, Macchiaroli N, Nichol S, Paps J, Parkinson J, Pouchkina-Stantcheva N, Riddiford
N, Rosenzvit M, Salinas G, Wasmuth JD, Zamanian M, Zheng Y, Cai X, Soberón X, Olson
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians
Rauch G, Kalbe M, Reusch TBH (2005) How a complex life cycle can improve a parasite’s sex
life. J Evol Biol 18:1069–1075
Reitzel AM, Sullivan JC, Finnerty JR (2006) Qualitative shift to indirect development in the parasitic sea anemone Edwardsiella lineata. Integr Comp Biol 46:827–837
Richter G, Baszio S (2001) Traces of a limnic food web in the Eocene Lake Messel—a preliminary
report based on fish coprolite analyses. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 166:345–368
Richter G, Wedmann S (2005) Ecology of the Eocene Lake Messel revealed by analysis of small
fish coprolites and sediments from a drilling core. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimtol Palaeoecol
223:147–161
Rodríguez E, Barbeitos MS, Brugler MR, Crowley LM, Grajales A et al (2014) Hidden among
sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria
(Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS One 9(5):e96998
Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004) Invertebrate zoology. A functional evolutionary approach,
7th edn. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont
Ryan JF et al (2013) The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell
type evolution. Science 342:1242592
Sarker S, Kallert DM, Hedrick RP, El-Matbouli M (2015) Whirling disease revisited: pathogenesis, parasite biology and disease intervention. Dis Aquat Org 114:155–175
Schierwater B, Eitel M, Jakob W, Osigus HJ, Hadrys H, Dellaporta SL, Kolokotronis SO, DeSalle
R (2009) Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern
“urmetazoon” hypothesis. PLoS Biol 7:36–44
Schmid-Hempel P (2011) Evolutionary parasitology. The integrated study of infections, immunology, ecology, and genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Siddall ME, Martin DS, Bridge D, Desser SS, Cone DK (1995) The demise of a phylum of protists:
phylogeny of Myxozoa and other parasitic Cnidaria. J Parasitol 81:961–967
Simion P, Philippe H, Baurain D, Jager M, Richter DJ, Di Franco A, Roure B, Satoh N, Quéinnec
É, Ereskovsky A, Lapébie P, Corre E, Delsuc F, King N, Wörheide G, Manuel M (2017) A large
and consistent phylogenomic dataset supports sponges as the sister group to all other animals.
Curr Biol 27:958–967
Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Wahli T, Holland JW, Secombes CJ (2015) Fish immune
responses to Myxozoa. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution,
ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 253–280
Spaulding JG (1972) The life cycle of Peachia quinquecapitata, an anemone parasitic on medusae
during its larval development. Biol Bull 143:440–453
Steinel NC, Bolnick DI (2017) Melanomacrophage centers as a histological indicator of immune
function in fish and other poikilotherms. Front Immunol 8:827
Strona G (2015) Past, present and future of host–parasite coextinctions. Int J Parasitol Parasites
Wildl 4:431–441
Struck TH, Paul C, Hill N, Hartmann S, Hösel C, Kube M, Lieb B, Meyer A, Tiedemann R,
Purschke G, Bleidorn C (2011) Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution. Nature
471:95–98
Struck TH, Golombek A, Weigert A, Franke FA, Westheide W, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Halanych
KM (2015) The evolution of annelids reveals two adaptive routes to the interstitial realm. Curr
Biol 25:1993–1999
Taylor PD, Waeschenbach A (2015) Phylogeny and diversification of bryozoans. Palaeontology
58:585–599
Timm T, Vinn O, Buscalioni ÁD (2016) Soft-bodied annelids (Oligochaeta) from the Lower
Cretaceous (La Huérguina formation) of the Las Hoyas Konservat-Lagerstätte, Spain. N Jb
Geol Paläont (Abh) 280:315–324
Tsai IJ, Zarowiecki M, Holroyd N, Garciarrubio A, Sanchez-Flores A, Brooks KL, Tracey A,
Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Aslett M, Beasley H, Bennett HM, Cai J, Camicia F, Clark R,
Cucher M, De Silva N, Day TA, Deplazes P, Estrada K, Fernández C, Holland PWH, Hou J, Hu
S, Huckvale T, Hung SS, Kamenetzky L, Keane JA, Kiss F, Koziol U, Lambert O, Liu K, Luo
X, Luo Y, Macchiaroli N, Nichol S, Paps J, Parkinson J, Pouchkina-Stantcheva N, Riddiford
N, Rosenzvit M, Salinas G, Wasmuth JD, Zamanian M, Zheng Y, Cai X, Soberón X, Olson
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians