152
PD, Laclette JP, Brehm K, Berriman M (2013) The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal
adaptations to parasitism. Nature 496:57–63
Turner S, Burrow CJ, Schultze HP, Blieck A, Reif WE, Rexroad CB, Bultynck P, Nowlan GS
(2010) False teeth: conodont–vertebrate phylogenetic relationships revisited. Geodiversitas
32:545–594
van Dijk J, De Baets K (2021) Biodiversity and host-parasite (co)extinction. In: De Baets K,
Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Van Iten H, Marques AC, de Moraes Leme J, Pacheco MLAF, Simões MG (2014) Origin and
early diversification of the phylum Cnidaria Verrill: major developments in the analysis of the
taxon’s Proterozoic-Cambrian history. Palaeontology 57:677–690
Vinogradow AV (1996) New fossil freshwater bryozoans from the Asiatic part of Russia and
Kazakhstan. Paleontol J 30:284–292
Vinther J, Eibye-Jacobsen D, Harper DAT (2011) An early Cambrian stem polychaete with pygidial cirri. Biol Lett 7:929–932
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DTJ (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol
Phylogenet Evol 62:718–735
Wan B, Yuan X, Chen Z, Guan C, Pang K, Tang Q, Xiao S (2016) Systematic description of putative animal fossils from the early Ediacaran Lantian formation of South China. Palaeontology
59:515–532
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism:
Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Warren LV, Pacheco MLAF, Fairchild TR, Simoes MG et al (2012) The dawn of animal skeletogenesis: ultrastructural analysis of the Ediacaran metazoan Corumbella werneri. Geology
40:691–694
Weigert A, Bleidorn C (2016) Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16:345–362
Weigert A, Helm C, Meyer M, Nickel B, Arendt D, Hausdorf B, Santos SR, Halanych KM,
Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Struck TH (2014) Illuminating the base of the annelid tree using
transcriptomics. Mol Biol Evol 31:1391–1401
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett
12:20160324
Werner B (1963) Effect of some environmental factors on differentiation and determination in
marine Hydrozoa, with a note on their evolutionary significance. Ann N Y Acad Sc 105:461–488
Whelan NV, Kocot KM, Moroz TP, Mukherjee K, Williams P, Paulay G, Moroz LL, Halanych KM
(2017) Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals.
Nat Ecol Evol 1:1737–1746
Wood TS, Okamura B (2017) New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater
bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306:383–400
WoRMS Editorial Board (2018) World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org.
Accessed 7 Apr 2018
Xia F-S, Zhang S-G, Wang Z-Z (2007) The oldest bryozoans: new evidence from the Late
Tremadocian (Early Ordovician) of East Yangtze Gorges in China. J Paleontol 81:1308–1326
Xu F, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Kolisko M, Simpson AG, Roger AJ, Svärd SG, Andersson JO (2016)
On the reversibility of parasitism: adaptation to a free-living lifestyle via gene acquisitions in
the diplomonad Trepomonas sp. PC1. BMC Biol 14:62
Yokoyama H, Masuda K (2001) Kudoa sp. (Myxozoa) causing a post-mortemmyoliquefaction of
North-Pacific giant octopus Paroctopus dofleini (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae). Bull Eur Assoc
Fish Pathol 21:266–268
Young GA, Hagadorn JW (2010) The fossil record of cnidarian medusae. Palaeoworld 19:212–221
Zrzavý J, Hypša V (2003) Myxozoa, Polypodium, and the origin of the Bilateria: the phylogenetic position of “Endocnidozoa” in the light of the rediscovery of Buddenbrockia. Cladistics
19:164–169
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl
PD, Laclette JP, Brehm K, Berriman M (2013) The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal
adaptations to parasitism. Nature 496:57–63
Turner S, Burrow CJ, Schultze HP, Blieck A, Reif WE, Rexroad CB, Bultynck P, Nowlan GS
(2010) False teeth: conodont–vertebrate phylogenetic relationships revisited. Geodiversitas
32:545–594
van Dijk J, De Baets K (2021) Biodiversity and host-parasite (co)extinction. In: De Baets K,
Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Van Iten H, Marques AC, de Moraes Leme J, Pacheco MLAF, Simões MG (2014) Origin and
early diversification of the phylum Cnidaria Verrill: major developments in the analysis of the
taxon’s Proterozoic-Cambrian history. Palaeontology 57:677–690
Vinogradow AV (1996) New fossil freshwater bryozoans from the Asiatic part of Russia and
Kazakhstan. Paleontol J 30:284–292
Vinther J, Eibye-Jacobsen D, Harper DAT (2011) An early Cambrian stem polychaete with pygidial cirri. Biol Lett 7:929–932
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DTJ (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol
Phylogenet Evol 62:718–735
Wan B, Yuan X, Chen Z, Guan C, Pang K, Tang Q, Xiao S (2016) Systematic description of putative animal fossils from the early Ediacaran Lantian formation of South China. Palaeontology
59:515–532
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism:
Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Warren LV, Pacheco MLAF, Fairchild TR, Simoes MG et al (2012) The dawn of animal skeletogenesis: ultrastructural analysis of the Ediacaran metazoan Corumbella werneri. Geology
40:691–694
Weigert A, Bleidorn C (2016) Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16:345–362
Weigert A, Helm C, Meyer M, Nickel B, Arendt D, Hausdorf B, Santos SR, Halanych KM,
Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Struck TH (2014) Illuminating the base of the annelid tree using
transcriptomics. Mol Biol Evol 31:1391–1401
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett
12:20160324
Werner B (1963) Effect of some environmental factors on differentiation and determination in
marine Hydrozoa, with a note on their evolutionary significance. Ann N Y Acad Sc 105:461–488
Whelan NV, Kocot KM, Moroz TP, Mukherjee K, Williams P, Paulay G, Moroz LL, Halanych KM
(2017) Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals.
Nat Ecol Evol 1:1737–1746
Wood TS, Okamura B (2017) New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater
bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306:383–400
WoRMS Editorial Board (2018) World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org.
Accessed 7 Apr 2018
Xia F-S, Zhang S-G, Wang Z-Z (2007) The oldest bryozoans: new evidence from the Late
Tremadocian (Early Ordovician) of East Yangtze Gorges in China. J Paleontol 81:1308–1326
Xu F, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Kolisko M, Simpson AG, Roger AJ, Svärd SG, Andersson JO (2016)
On the reversibility of parasitism: adaptation to a free-living lifestyle via gene acquisitions in
the diplomonad Trepomonas sp. PC1. BMC Biol 14:62
Yokoyama H, Masuda K (2001) Kudoa sp. (Myxozoa) causing a post-mortemmyoliquefaction of
North-Pacific giant octopus Paroctopus dofleini (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae). Bull Eur Assoc
Fish Pathol 21:266–268
Young GA, Hagadorn JW (2010) The fossil record of cnidarian medusae. Palaeoworld 19:212–221
Zrzavý J, Hypša V (2003) Myxozoa, Polypodium, and the origin of the Bilateria: the phylogenetic position of “Endocnidozoa” in the light of the rediscovery of Buddenbrockia. Cladistics
19:164–169
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl