150
Okamura B, Gruhl A, Reft AI (2015b) Cnidarians origins of the Myxozoa. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A,
Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International
Publishing, Cham, pp 45–68
Okamura B, Hartigan H, Naldoni N (2018) Extensive uncharted biodiversity: the parasite dimension. Integr Comp Biol 58:1132–1145
Parham JF, Donoghue PCJ, Bell CJ, Calway TD, Head JJ, Holroyd PA, Inoue JG, Irmis RB, Joyce
WG, Ksepka DT, Patané JSL, Smith ND, Tarver JE, vanTuinen M, Yang Z, Angielczyk KD,
Greenwood JM, Hipsley CA, Jacobs L, Makovicky PJ, Müller J, Smith KT, Theodor JM,
Warnock RCM, Benton MJ (2012) Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations. Syst Biol
61:346–359. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107
Park E, Hwang D-S, Lee J-S, Song J-I, Seo T-K, Won Y-J (2012) Estimation of divergence times
in cnidarian evolution based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes and the fossil record. Mol
Phylogenet Evol 62:329–345
Parker GA, Chubb JC, Roberts GN, Michaud M, Milinski M (2003) Evolution of complex life
cycles in helminth parasites. Nature 425:480–484
Parker GA, Ball MA, Chubb JC (2015) Evolution of complex life cycles in trophically transmitted
helminths. I. Host incorporation and trophic ascent. J Evol Biol 28:267–291
Parry L, Tanner A, Vinther J (2014) The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57:1091–1103
Parry L, Vinther J, Edgecombe GD (2015) Cambrian stem-group annelids and a metameric origin
of the annelid head. Biol Lett 11:20150763
Paterson S, Vogwill T, Buckling A, Benmayor R, Spiers AJ, Thomson NR, Quail M, Smith F,
Walker D, Libberton B, Fenton A, Hall N, Brockhurst MA (2010) Antagonistic coevolution
accelerates molecular evolution. Nature 464:275–278
Petit G (2010) Skin nodules in fossil fishes from Monte Bolca (Eocene, Northern Italy).
Geodiversitas 32:157–163
Petit G, Khalloufi B (2012) Paleopathology of a fossil fish from the Solnhofen Lagerstätte (Upper
Jurassic, southern Germany). Int J Paleopathol 2:42–44
Piraino S, De Vito D, Schmich J, Bouillon J, Boero F (2004) Reverse development in Cnidaria.
Can J Zool 82:1748–1754
Poinar G, Boucot AJ (2006) Evidence of intestinal parasites of dinosaurs. Parasitology
133:245–249. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182006000138
Poulin R (2007) Evolutionary ecology of parasites, 2nd edn. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ
Poulin R, Randhawa HS (2015) Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to
genomics. Parasitology, 142(S1):S6–S15
Queensland Museum Network (2010). http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/Research/Projects/Projects/
Biodiversity/Parasitology/Internal+parasites+of+coral+reef+fishes#.WgG49lu0Pcs. Accessed
7 Nov 2017
Qvarnström M, Niedźwiedzki G, Žigaitė Ž (2016) Vertebrate coprolites (fossil faeces): an underexplored Konservat-Lagerstätte. Earth-Sci Rev 162:44–57
Raikova E (1965) A cytophotometric study of the DNA content in the cell nuclei of Polypodium
hydriforme Ussov (Coelenterata) at various stages of its life cycle. Zhurnal Obchei Biologii
26:546–552. [in Russian, English summary]
Raikova EV (1990) Fine structure of the nematocytes of Polypodium hydriforme Ussov (Cnidaria).
Zool Scripta 19:1–11
Raikova E (1994) Life cycle, cytology, and morphology of Polypodium hydriforme, a coelenterate
parasite of the eggs of Acipenseriform fishes. J Parasitol 80:1–22
Raikova EV (2002) Polypodium hydriforme infection in the eggs of acipenseriform fishes. J Appl
Ichthyo 18:405–415
Raikova EV (2008) Cytological peculiarities of Polypodium hydriforme (Cnidaria). J Mar Biol
Assoc UK 88:1695–1702
Raikova EV, Raikova OI (2016) Nervous system immunohistochemistry of the parasitic cnidarian
Polypodium hydriforme at its free-living stage. Zoology 119:143–152
Raikova EV, Ibragimov AY, Raikova OI (2007) Muscular system of a peculiar parasitic cnidarian
Polypodium hydriforme: a phalloidin fluorescence study. Tiss Cell 39:79–87
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl
Okamura B, Gruhl A, Reft AI (2015b) Cnidarians origins of the Myxozoa. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A,
Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International
Publishing, Cham, pp 45–68
Okamura B, Hartigan H, Naldoni N (2018) Extensive uncharted biodiversity: the parasite dimension. Integr Comp Biol 58:1132–1145
Parham JF, Donoghue PCJ, Bell CJ, Calway TD, Head JJ, Holroyd PA, Inoue JG, Irmis RB, Joyce
WG, Ksepka DT, Patané JSL, Smith ND, Tarver JE, vanTuinen M, Yang Z, Angielczyk KD,
Greenwood JM, Hipsley CA, Jacobs L, Makovicky PJ, Müller J, Smith KT, Theodor JM,
Warnock RCM, Benton MJ (2012) Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations. Syst Biol
61:346–359. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107
Park E, Hwang D-S, Lee J-S, Song J-I, Seo T-K, Won Y-J (2012) Estimation of divergence times
in cnidarian evolution based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes and the fossil record. Mol
Phylogenet Evol 62:329–345
Parker GA, Chubb JC, Roberts GN, Michaud M, Milinski M (2003) Evolution of complex life
cycles in helminth parasites. Nature 425:480–484
Parker GA, Ball MA, Chubb JC (2015) Evolution of complex life cycles in trophically transmitted
helminths. I. Host incorporation and trophic ascent. J Evol Biol 28:267–291
Parry L, Tanner A, Vinther J (2014) The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57:1091–1103
Parry L, Vinther J, Edgecombe GD (2015) Cambrian stem-group annelids and a metameric origin
of the annelid head. Biol Lett 11:20150763
Paterson S, Vogwill T, Buckling A, Benmayor R, Spiers AJ, Thomson NR, Quail M, Smith F,
Walker D, Libberton B, Fenton A, Hall N, Brockhurst MA (2010) Antagonistic coevolution
accelerates molecular evolution. Nature 464:275–278
Petit G (2010) Skin nodules in fossil fishes from Monte Bolca (Eocene, Northern Italy).
Geodiversitas 32:157–163
Petit G, Khalloufi B (2012) Paleopathology of a fossil fish from the Solnhofen Lagerstätte (Upper
Jurassic, southern Germany). Int J Paleopathol 2:42–44
Piraino S, De Vito D, Schmich J, Bouillon J, Boero F (2004) Reverse development in Cnidaria.
Can J Zool 82:1748–1754
Poinar G, Boucot AJ (2006) Evidence of intestinal parasites of dinosaurs. Parasitology
133:245–249. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182006000138
Poulin R (2007) Evolutionary ecology of parasites, 2nd edn. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ
Poulin R, Randhawa HS (2015) Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to
genomics. Parasitology, 142(S1):S6–S15
Queensland Museum Network (2010). http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/Research/Projects/Projects/
Biodiversity/Parasitology/Internal+parasites+of+coral+reef+fishes#.WgG49lu0Pcs. Accessed
7 Nov 2017
Qvarnström M, Niedźwiedzki G, Žigaitė Ž (2016) Vertebrate coprolites (fossil faeces): an underexplored Konservat-Lagerstätte. Earth-Sci Rev 162:44–57
Raikova E (1965) A cytophotometric study of the DNA content in the cell nuclei of Polypodium
hydriforme Ussov (Coelenterata) at various stages of its life cycle. Zhurnal Obchei Biologii
26:546–552. [in Russian, English summary]
Raikova EV (1990) Fine structure of the nematocytes of Polypodium hydriforme Ussov (Cnidaria).
Zool Scripta 19:1–11
Raikova E (1994) Life cycle, cytology, and morphology of Polypodium hydriforme, a coelenterate
parasite of the eggs of Acipenseriform fishes. J Parasitol 80:1–22
Raikova EV (2002) Polypodium hydriforme infection in the eggs of acipenseriform fishes. J Appl
Ichthyo 18:405–415
Raikova EV (2008) Cytological peculiarities of Polypodium hydriforme (Cnidaria). J Mar Biol
Assoc UK 88:1695–1702
Raikova EV, Raikova OI (2016) Nervous system immunohistochemistry of the parasitic cnidarian
Polypodium hydriforme at its free-living stage. Zoology 119:143–152
Raikova EV, Ibragimov AY, Raikova OI (2007) Muscular system of a peculiar parasitic cnidarian
Polypodium hydriforme: a phalloidin fluorescence study. Tiss Cell 39:79–87
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl