149
Leung TLF (2021) Parasites of fossil vertebrates: what we know and what can we expect from the
fossil record? In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil Record of Parasitism:
Identification and macroevolution of parasites. Topics in Geobiology 49
Liu J, Ou Q, Han J, Li J, Wu Y, Jiao G, He T (2015) Lower Cambrian polychaete from China sheds
light on early annelid evolution. Sci Nat 102:34
Lom J (1990) Phylum Myxozoa. In: Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian M, Chapman DJ (eds)
Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett, Boston, pp 36–52
Lom J, Dyková I (1997) Ultrastructural features of the actinosporean phase of Myxosporea
(Phylum Myxozoa): a comparative study. Acta Protozool 36:83–103
Lom J, Dyková I (2006) Myxozoan genera: definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species. Folia Parasitol 53:1–36
Manum S, Bose M, Sawyer R (1991) Clitellate cocoons in fresh-water deposits since the Triassic.
Zool Scripta 20:347–366
Martínez-Aquino A (2016) Phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies: a compass for
exploring jungles of tangled trees. Curr Zool 62:393–403
Massard JA, Geimer G (2008) Global diversity of bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) in freshwater: an update. Bull Soc Nat Luxemb 109:139–148
McDermott JJ, Zubkoff PL, Lin AL (1982) The occurrence of the anemone Peachia parasitica
as a symbionts in the scyphozoan Cyanea capillata in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries
5:319–321
McGurk C, Morris DJ, Auchinachie NA, Adams A (2006) Development of Tetracapsuloides
bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) in bryozoan hosts (as examined by light microscopy) and quantitation of infective dose to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Parasitol
135:249–257
Molnár K, Eszterbauer E (2015) Specificity of infection sites in vertebrate hosts. In: Okamura
B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer
International Publishing, Cham, pp 295–313
Morris DJ (2012) A new model for myxosporean (Myxozoa) development explains the endogenous budding phenomenon, the nature of cell within cell life stages and evolution of parasitism
from a cnidarian ancestor. Int J Parasitol 42:829–840
Moser M, Taylor S (1978) Effects of the copepod Cardiodectes medusaeus on the laternfish
Stenobrachius leucopsarus with notes on hypercastration by the hydroid Hydrichthys sp. Can
J Zool 56:2372–2376
Munoz P, Palenzuela O, Alvarez-Pellitero P, Sitjà-Bobadilla A (1999) Comparative studies on carbohydrates of several myxosporean parasites of fish using lectin histochemical methods. Folia
Parasitol 46:241–247
Murdock DJE, Dong X-P, Repetski JE, Marone F, Stampanoni M, Donoghue PCJ (2013) The origin of conodonts and of vertebrate mineralized skeletons. Nature 502:546–549
Naldoni J, Adriano E, Hartigan A, Sayer C, Okamura B (2019) Malacosporean myxozoans exploit
a diversity of fish hosts. Parasitology 146:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182019000246
Near TJ, Eytan RI, Dornburg A, Kuhn KL, Moore JA, Davis MP, Wainwright PC, Friedman M,
Smith WL (2012) Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:13698–13703
Okamura B (1996) Occurrence, prevalence, and effects of the myxozoan Tetracapsula bryozoides
Canning, Okamura and Curry, 1996, parasitic in the freshwater bryozoan Cristatella mucedo
Cuvier (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata). Folia Parasitol 43:262–266
Okamura B, Gruhl A (2015) Myxozoan affinities and route to endoparasitism. In: Okamura B,
Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer
International Publishing, Cham, pp 23–44
Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (2015a) An introduction to myxozoan evolution, ecology
and development. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1–20
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians
Leung TLF (2021) Parasites of fossil vertebrates: what we know and what can we expect from the
fossil record? In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil Record of Parasitism:
Identification and macroevolution of parasites. Topics in Geobiology 49
Liu J, Ou Q, Han J, Li J, Wu Y, Jiao G, He T (2015) Lower Cambrian polychaete from China sheds
light on early annelid evolution. Sci Nat 102:34
Lom J (1990) Phylum Myxozoa. In: Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian M, Chapman DJ (eds)
Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett, Boston, pp 36–52
Lom J, Dyková I (1997) Ultrastructural features of the actinosporean phase of Myxosporea
(Phylum Myxozoa): a comparative study. Acta Protozool 36:83–103
Lom J, Dyková I (2006) Myxozoan genera: definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species. Folia Parasitol 53:1–36
Manum S, Bose M, Sawyer R (1991) Clitellate cocoons in fresh-water deposits since the Triassic.
Zool Scripta 20:347–366
Martínez-Aquino A (2016) Phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies: a compass for
exploring jungles of tangled trees. Curr Zool 62:393–403
Massard JA, Geimer G (2008) Global diversity of bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) in freshwater: an update. Bull Soc Nat Luxemb 109:139–148
McDermott JJ, Zubkoff PL, Lin AL (1982) The occurrence of the anemone Peachia parasitica
as a symbionts in the scyphozoan Cyanea capillata in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries
5:319–321
McGurk C, Morris DJ, Auchinachie NA, Adams A (2006) Development of Tetracapsuloides
bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) in bryozoan hosts (as examined by light microscopy) and quantitation of infective dose to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Parasitol
135:249–257
Molnár K, Eszterbauer E (2015) Specificity of infection sites in vertebrate hosts. In: Okamura
B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer
International Publishing, Cham, pp 295–313
Morris DJ (2012) A new model for myxosporean (Myxozoa) development explains the endogenous budding phenomenon, the nature of cell within cell life stages and evolution of parasitism
from a cnidarian ancestor. Int J Parasitol 42:829–840
Moser M, Taylor S (1978) Effects of the copepod Cardiodectes medusaeus on the laternfish
Stenobrachius leucopsarus with notes on hypercastration by the hydroid Hydrichthys sp. Can
J Zool 56:2372–2376
Munoz P, Palenzuela O, Alvarez-Pellitero P, Sitjà-Bobadilla A (1999) Comparative studies on carbohydrates of several myxosporean parasites of fish using lectin histochemical methods. Folia
Parasitol 46:241–247
Murdock DJE, Dong X-P, Repetski JE, Marone F, Stampanoni M, Donoghue PCJ (2013) The origin of conodonts and of vertebrate mineralized skeletons. Nature 502:546–549
Naldoni J, Adriano E, Hartigan A, Sayer C, Okamura B (2019) Malacosporean myxozoans exploit
a diversity of fish hosts. Parasitology 146:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182019000246
Near TJ, Eytan RI, Dornburg A, Kuhn KL, Moore JA, Davis MP, Wainwright PC, Friedman M,
Smith WL (2012) Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:13698–13703
Okamura B (1996) Occurrence, prevalence, and effects of the myxozoan Tetracapsula bryozoides
Canning, Okamura and Curry, 1996, parasitic in the freshwater bryozoan Cristatella mucedo
Cuvier (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata). Folia Parasitol 43:262–266
Okamura B, Gruhl A (2015) Myxozoan affinities and route to endoparasitism. In: Okamura B,
Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer
International Publishing, Cham, pp 23–44
Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (2015a) An introduction to myxozoan evolution, ecology
and development. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1–20
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians