146
Dong X-P, Cunningham JA, Bengtson S, Thomas C-W, Liu J-B, Stampanoni M, Donoghue PCJ
(2013) Embryos, polyps and medusae of the early Cambrian scyphozoan Olivooides. Proc R
Soc B 280:20130071
Donoghue PCJ, Keating JN (2014) Early vertebrate evolution. Palaeontology 57:879–893
dos Reis M, Thawornwattana Y, Angelis K, Telford MJ, Donoghue PCJ, Yang Z (2015) Uncertainty
in the timing of origin of animals and the limits of precision in molecular timescales. Curr Biol
25:2939–2950
Dufour B, Le Bailly M (2013) Testing new parasite egg extraction methods in paleoparasitology
and an attempt at quantification. Int J Paleopathol 3:199–203
Dunlap WC, Starcevic A, Baranasic D, Diminic J, Zucko J, Gacesa R, van Oppen MJH, Hranueli
D, Cullum J, Long PF (2013) KEGG orthology-based annotation of the predicted proteome
of Acropora digitifera: ZoophyteBase - an open access and searchable database of a coral
genome. BMC Genomics 14:509
Dunn RR, Harris NC, Colwell RK, Koh LP, Sodhi NS (2009) The sixth mass coextinction: are
most endangered species parasites and mutualists? Proc R Soc B 276:3037–3045
Dunn CW, Giribet G, Edgecombe GD, Hejnol A (2014) Animal phylogeny and its evolutionary
implications. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 45:371–395
El-Matbouli M, Hoffmann RW (1991) Effects of freezing, aging, and passage through the alimentary canal of predatory animals on the viability of Myxobolus cerebralis spores. J Aquat Anim
Health 3:260–262
El-Matbouli M, Hoffmann RW (1998) Light and electron microscopic studies on the chronological development of Myxobolus cerebralis to the actinosporean stage in Tubifex tubifex. Int J
Parasitol 28:195–217
Elwell LC, Kerans BL, Zickovich J (2009) Host–parasite interactions and competition between
tubificid species in a benthic community. Freshw Biol 54:1616–1628
Ernst A, Schäfer P (2006) Palaeozoic vs. post-Palaezoic Stenolaemata: phylogenetic relationship
or morphological convergence? Courier Forsch Inst Senckenberg 257:49–63
Erséus C (2005) Phylogeny of oligochaetous Clitellata. Hydrobiologia 535/536:357–372
Erwin DH, Laflamme M, Tweedt SM, Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ (2011) The Cambrian
conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals.
Science 334:1091–1097
Eszterbauer E (2004) Genetic relationship among gill-infecting Myxobolus species (Myxosporea)
of cyprinids: molecular evidence of importance of tissue-specificity. Dis Aquat Org 58:35–40
Eszterbauer E, Atkinson S, Diamant A, Morris D, El-Matbouli M, Hartikainen H (2015) Myxozoan
life cycles: practical approaches and insights. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds)
Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham,
pp 175–198
Fauchald K, Rouse G (1997) Polychaete systematics: past and present. Zool Scripta 26:71–138
Fautin DG (2002) Reproduction of Cnidaria. Can J Zool 80:1735–1754
Feist SW, Longshaw M (2006) Phylum Myxozoa. In: Fish diseases and disorders, Protozoan and
metazoan infections, vol 1, 2nd edn. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp 230–296
Feist SW, Morris DJ, Alama-Bermejo G, Holzer AS (2015) Cellular processes in myxozoans. In:
Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development.
Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 139–154
Felsenstein J (1985) Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125:1–15
Fiala I (2006) The phylogeny of Myxosporea (Myxozoa) based on small subunit ribosomal RNA
gene analysis. Int J Parasitol 36:1521–1534
Fiala I, Bartošová-Sojková P, Okamura B, Hartikainen H (2015a) Adaptive radiation and evolution
within the Myxozoa. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 69–84
Fiala I, Bartošová-Sojková P, Whipps CM (2015b) Classification and phylogenetics of Myxozoa.
In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development.
Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 85–110
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl
Dong X-P, Cunningham JA, Bengtson S, Thomas C-W, Liu J-B, Stampanoni M, Donoghue PCJ
(2013) Embryos, polyps and medusae of the early Cambrian scyphozoan Olivooides. Proc R
Soc B 280:20130071
Donoghue PCJ, Keating JN (2014) Early vertebrate evolution. Palaeontology 57:879–893
dos Reis M, Thawornwattana Y, Angelis K, Telford MJ, Donoghue PCJ, Yang Z (2015) Uncertainty
in the timing of origin of animals and the limits of precision in molecular timescales. Curr Biol
25:2939–2950
Dufour B, Le Bailly M (2013) Testing new parasite egg extraction methods in paleoparasitology
and an attempt at quantification. Int J Paleopathol 3:199–203
Dunlap WC, Starcevic A, Baranasic D, Diminic J, Zucko J, Gacesa R, van Oppen MJH, Hranueli
D, Cullum J, Long PF (2013) KEGG orthology-based annotation of the predicted proteome
of Acropora digitifera: ZoophyteBase - an open access and searchable database of a coral
genome. BMC Genomics 14:509
Dunn RR, Harris NC, Colwell RK, Koh LP, Sodhi NS (2009) The sixth mass coextinction: are
most endangered species parasites and mutualists? Proc R Soc B 276:3037–3045
Dunn CW, Giribet G, Edgecombe GD, Hejnol A (2014) Animal phylogeny and its evolutionary
implications. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 45:371–395
El-Matbouli M, Hoffmann RW (1991) Effects of freezing, aging, and passage through the alimentary canal of predatory animals on the viability of Myxobolus cerebralis spores. J Aquat Anim
Health 3:260–262
El-Matbouli M, Hoffmann RW (1998) Light and electron microscopic studies on the chronological development of Myxobolus cerebralis to the actinosporean stage in Tubifex tubifex. Int J
Parasitol 28:195–217
Elwell LC, Kerans BL, Zickovich J (2009) Host–parasite interactions and competition between
tubificid species in a benthic community. Freshw Biol 54:1616–1628
Ernst A, Schäfer P (2006) Palaeozoic vs. post-Palaezoic Stenolaemata: phylogenetic relationship
or morphological convergence? Courier Forsch Inst Senckenberg 257:49–63
Erséus C (2005) Phylogeny of oligochaetous Clitellata. Hydrobiologia 535/536:357–372
Erwin DH, Laflamme M, Tweedt SM, Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ (2011) The Cambrian
conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals.
Science 334:1091–1097
Eszterbauer E (2004) Genetic relationship among gill-infecting Myxobolus species (Myxosporea)
of cyprinids: molecular evidence of importance of tissue-specificity. Dis Aquat Org 58:35–40
Eszterbauer E, Atkinson S, Diamant A, Morris D, El-Matbouli M, Hartikainen H (2015) Myxozoan
life cycles: practical approaches and insights. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds)
Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham,
pp 175–198
Fauchald K, Rouse G (1997) Polychaete systematics: past and present. Zool Scripta 26:71–138
Fautin DG (2002) Reproduction of Cnidaria. Can J Zool 80:1735–1754
Feist SW, Longshaw M (2006) Phylum Myxozoa. In: Fish diseases and disorders, Protozoan and
metazoan infections, vol 1, 2nd edn. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp 230–296
Feist SW, Morris DJ, Alama-Bermejo G, Holzer AS (2015) Cellular processes in myxozoans. In:
Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development.
Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 139–154
Felsenstein J (1985) Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125:1–15
Fiala I (2006) The phylogeny of Myxosporea (Myxozoa) based on small subunit ribosomal RNA
gene analysis. Int J Parasitol 36:1521–1534
Fiala I, Bartošová-Sojková P, Okamura B, Hartikainen H (2015a) Adaptive radiation and evolution
within the Myxozoa. In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 69–84
Fiala I, Bartošová-Sojková P, Whipps CM (2015b) Classification and phylogenetics of Myxozoa.
In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development.
Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 85–110
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl