147
Foox J, Siddall ME (2015) The road to Cnidaria: history of phylogeny of the Myxozoa. J Parasitol
101:269–274
Freeman MA, Shinn AP (2011) Myxosporean hyperparasites of gill monogeneans are basal to the
Multivalvulida. Parasit Vectors 4:220
Friedman M (2015) The early evolution of ray-finned fishes. Palaeontology 58:213–228
Friedman M, Sallan LC (2012) Five hundred million years of extinction and recovery: a phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes. Palaeontology 55:707–742
Goudemand N, Orchard MJ, Urdy S, Bucher H, Tafforeau P (2011) Synchrotron-aided reconstruction of the conodont feeding apparatus and implications for the mouth of the first vertebrates.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8720–8724
Grabner DS, El-Matbouli M (2010) Experimental transmission of malacosporean parasites from
bryozoans to common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus). Parasitology
137:629–639
Grazhdankin D (2004) Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography
and evolution. Paleobiology 30:03–221
Grover R, Marguer JF, Allemand D, Ferrier-Pagès C (2008) Uptake of dissolved free amino acids
by the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. J Exp Biol 211:860–865
Gruhl A (2015) Myxozoa. In: Wanninger A (ed) Evolutionary developmental biology of invertebrates 1: introduction, non-Bilateria, Acoelomorpha, Xenoturbellida, Chaetognatha. Springer,
Wien, pp 165–177
Gruhl A, Okamura B (2012) Development and myogenesis of the vermiform Buddenbrockia
(Myxozoa) and implications for cnidarian body. EvoDevo 3:10
Gruhl A, Okamura B (2015) Tissue characteristics and development of Myxozoa. In: Okamura
B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer
International Publishing, Cham, pp 155–174
Gunter NL, Burger MAA, Adlard RD (2010) Morphometric and molecular characterisation of four
new Ceratomyxa species (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae) from fishes off Lizard
Island, Australia. Folia Parasitol 57:1–10
Halanych KM (2015) The ctenophore lineage is older than sponges? That cannot be right! Or can
it? J Exp Biol 218:592–597
Hallett SL, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Székely C (2015) Myxozoans exploiting homeotherms.
In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development.
Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 125–135
Han J, Hu S, Cartwright P, Zhao F, Ou Q, Kubota S, Wang X, Yang X (2016) The earliest pelagic
jellyfish with rhopalia from Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecol 449:166–173
Hartigan A, Wilkinson M, Gower DJ, Streicher JW, Holzer AS, Okamura B (2016) Myxozoan
infections of caecilians demonstrate broad host specificity and indicate a link with human
activity. Int J Parasitol 46:375–381
Hartikainen H, Fontes I, Okamura B (2013a) Parasitism and phenotypic change in colonial hosts.
Parasitology 140:1403–1412
Hartikainen H, Waeschenbach A, Wöss E, Wood T, Okamura B (2013b) Divergence and species discrimination in freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata). Zool J Linnean Soc
68:61–80
Hartikainen H, Gruhl AG, Okamura B (2014) Diversification and repeated morphological transitions in endoparasitic cnidarians (Myxozoa: Malacosporea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 76:261–269
Hartikainen H, Bass D, Briscoe AG, Knipe H, Green AJ, Okamura B (2016) Assessing myxozoan
presence and diversity using environmental DNA. Int J Parasitol 46(12): 781–792
He J, Zheng L, Zhang W, Lin Y (2015) Life cycle reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa).
PLoS One 10:e0145314
Hedrick RP, McDowell TS, Mukkatira K, MacConnell E, Petri B (2008) Effects of freezing, drying, ultraviolet irradiation, chlorine, and quaternary ammonium treatments on the infectivity
of myxospores of Myxobolus cerebralis for Tubifex tubifex. J Aquat Anim Health 20:116–125
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians
Foox J, Siddall ME (2015) The road to Cnidaria: history of phylogeny of the Myxozoa. J Parasitol
101:269–274
Freeman MA, Shinn AP (2011) Myxosporean hyperparasites of gill monogeneans are basal to the
Multivalvulida. Parasit Vectors 4:220
Friedman M (2015) The early evolution of ray-finned fishes. Palaeontology 58:213–228
Friedman M, Sallan LC (2012) Five hundred million years of extinction and recovery: a phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes. Palaeontology 55:707–742
Goudemand N, Orchard MJ, Urdy S, Bucher H, Tafforeau P (2011) Synchrotron-aided reconstruction of the conodont feeding apparatus and implications for the mouth of the first vertebrates.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8720–8724
Grabner DS, El-Matbouli M (2010) Experimental transmission of malacosporean parasites from
bryozoans to common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus). Parasitology
137:629–639
Grazhdankin D (2004) Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography
and evolution. Paleobiology 30:03–221
Grover R, Marguer JF, Allemand D, Ferrier-Pagès C (2008) Uptake of dissolved free amino acids
by the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. J Exp Biol 211:860–865
Gruhl A (2015) Myxozoa. In: Wanninger A (ed) Evolutionary developmental biology of invertebrates 1: introduction, non-Bilateria, Acoelomorpha, Xenoturbellida, Chaetognatha. Springer,
Wien, pp 165–177
Gruhl A, Okamura B (2012) Development and myogenesis of the vermiform Buddenbrockia
(Myxozoa) and implications for cnidarian body. EvoDevo 3:10
Gruhl A, Okamura B (2015) Tissue characteristics and development of Myxozoa. In: Okamura
B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew JL (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development. Springer
International Publishing, Cham, pp 155–174
Gunter NL, Burger MAA, Adlard RD (2010) Morphometric and molecular characterisation of four
new Ceratomyxa species (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae) from fishes off Lizard
Island, Australia. Folia Parasitol 57:1–10
Halanych KM (2015) The ctenophore lineage is older than sponges? That cannot be right! Or can
it? J Exp Biol 218:592–597
Hallett SL, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Székely C (2015) Myxozoans exploiting homeotherms.
In: Okamura B, Gruhl A, Bartholomew J (eds) Myxozoan evolution, ecology and development.
Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 125–135
Han J, Hu S, Cartwright P, Zhao F, Ou Q, Kubota S, Wang X, Yang X (2016) The earliest pelagic
jellyfish with rhopalia from Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecol 449:166–173
Hartigan A, Wilkinson M, Gower DJ, Streicher JW, Holzer AS, Okamura B (2016) Myxozoan
infections of caecilians demonstrate broad host specificity and indicate a link with human
activity. Int J Parasitol 46:375–381
Hartikainen H, Fontes I, Okamura B (2013a) Parasitism and phenotypic change in colonial hosts.
Parasitology 140:1403–1412
Hartikainen H, Waeschenbach A, Wöss E, Wood T, Okamura B (2013b) Divergence and species discrimination in freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata). Zool J Linnean Soc
68:61–80
Hartikainen H, Gruhl AG, Okamura B (2014) Diversification and repeated morphological transitions in endoparasitic cnidarians (Myxozoa: Malacosporea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 76:261–269
Hartikainen H, Bass D, Briscoe AG, Knipe H, Green AJ, Okamura B (2016) Assessing myxozoan
presence and diversity using environmental DNA. Int J Parasitol 46(12): 781–792
He J, Zheng L, Zhang W, Lin Y (2015) Life cycle reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa).
PLoS One 10:e0145314
Hedrick RP, McDowell TS, Mukkatira K, MacConnell E, Petri B (2008) Effects of freezing, drying, ultraviolet irradiation, chlorine, and quaternary ammonium treatments on the infectivity
of myxospores of Myxobolus cerebralis for Tubifex tubifex. J Aquat Anim Health 20:116–125
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians