145
Vinther J (2015) Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically
altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:12592–12597
Collins AG (2009) Recent insights into cnidarian phylogeny. In: Lang MA et al (eds) Proceedings
of the Smithsonian marine science symposium, Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences, vol 38. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp 139–149
Collins AG, Bentlage B, Lindner A, Lindsay D, Haddock SHD, Jarms G, Norenburg JL, Jankowski
T, Cartwright P (2008) Phylogenetics of Trachylina (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with new insights on
the evolution of some problematical taxa. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 88:1673–1685
Colwell RK, Dunn RR, Harris NC (2012) Coextinction and persistence of dependent species in a
changing world. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 43:183–203
Conway Morris S (1979) Middle Cambrian Polychaetes from the Burgess Shale of British
Columbia. Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci 285:227–274
Conway Morris S, Peel JS (2008) The earliest annelids: lower Cambrian polychaetes from the
Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. Acta Palaeontol Pol 53:137–148
Cribb TH, Bray RA, Olson PD, Littlewood DT (2003) Life cycle evolution in the Digenea: a new
perspective from phylogeny. Adv Parasitol 54:197–254
Cruickshank RH, Paterson AM (2006) The great escape: do parasites break Dollo’s law? Trends
Parasitol 22:509–515
Cunningham JA, Liu AG, Bengtson S, Donoghue PCJ (2017) The origin of animals: can molecular
clocks and the fossil record be reconciled? BioEssays 39:1–12
De Baets K, Littlewood DTJ (2015) The importance of fossils in understanding the evolution of
parasites and their vectors. Adv Parasitol 90:1–51
De Baets K, Dentzien-Dias P, Upeniece I, Verneau O, Donoghue PCJ (2015) Constraining the
deep origin of parasitic flatworms and host-interactions with fossil evidence. Adv Parasitol
90:93–135
De Baets K, Antonelli A, Donoghue PCJ (2016) Tectonic blocks and molecular clocks. Philos
Trans R Soc B 371:20160098
De Baets K, Huntley JW, Klompmaker AA, Schiffbauer JD, Muscente AD (2021a) The fossil
record of parasitism: Its extent and taphonomic constraints. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds)
The evolution and fossil record of parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques.
Topics in Geobiology 50
De Baets K, Dentzien-Dias P, Harrison, GWM, Littlewood, DTJ, Parry LA (2021b) Fossil constraints on the timescale of parasitic helminth evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds)
The evolution and fossil record of parasitism: Identification and Macroevolution of Parasites.
Topics in Geobiology 49
de Kinkelin P, Gay M, Forman S (2002) The persistenceof infectivity of Tetracapsula bryosalmonaeinfected water for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J Fish Dis 25:477–482
de Vienne DM, Refrégier G, López-Villavicencio M, Tellier A, Hood ME, Giraud T (2013)
Cospeciation vs host-shift speciation: methods for testing, evidence from natural associations
and relation to coevolution. New Phytol 198:347–385
Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak M-K, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette
J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJP (2018) A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative
studies of tunicates. BMC Biol 16:39
Dentzien-Dias PC, Poinar G Jr, de Figueiredo AEQ, Pacheco ACL, Horn BLD, Schultz CL (2013)
Tapeworm eggs in a 270 million-year-old shark coprolite. PLoS One 8:e55007
Dentzien-Dias P, Carrillo-Briceño JD, Francischini H, Sánchez R (2018) Paleoecological and
taphonomical aspects of the Late Miocene vertebrate coprolites (Urumaco formation) of
Venezuela. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 490:590–603
Dohrmann M, Wörheide G (2013) Novel scenarios of early animal evolution—is it time to rewrite
textbooks? Integr Comp Biol 53:503–511
Dohrmann M, Wörheide G (2017) Dating early animal evolution using phylogenomic data. Sci
Rep 7:3599
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians
Vinther J (2015) Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically
altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:12592–12597
Collins AG (2009) Recent insights into cnidarian phylogeny. In: Lang MA et al (eds) Proceedings
of the Smithsonian marine science symposium, Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences, vol 38. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp 139–149
Collins AG, Bentlage B, Lindner A, Lindsay D, Haddock SHD, Jarms G, Norenburg JL, Jankowski
T, Cartwright P (2008) Phylogenetics of Trachylina (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with new insights on
the evolution of some problematical taxa. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 88:1673–1685
Colwell RK, Dunn RR, Harris NC (2012) Coextinction and persistence of dependent species in a
changing world. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 43:183–203
Conway Morris S (1979) Middle Cambrian Polychaetes from the Burgess Shale of British
Columbia. Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci 285:227–274
Conway Morris S, Peel JS (2008) The earliest annelids: lower Cambrian polychaetes from the
Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. Acta Palaeontol Pol 53:137–148
Cribb TH, Bray RA, Olson PD, Littlewood DT (2003) Life cycle evolution in the Digenea: a new
perspective from phylogeny. Adv Parasitol 54:197–254
Cruickshank RH, Paterson AM (2006) The great escape: do parasites break Dollo’s law? Trends
Parasitol 22:509–515
Cunningham JA, Liu AG, Bengtson S, Donoghue PCJ (2017) The origin of animals: can molecular
clocks and the fossil record be reconciled? BioEssays 39:1–12
De Baets K, Littlewood DTJ (2015) The importance of fossils in understanding the evolution of
parasites and their vectors. Adv Parasitol 90:1–51
De Baets K, Dentzien-Dias P, Upeniece I, Verneau O, Donoghue PCJ (2015) Constraining the
deep origin of parasitic flatworms and host-interactions with fossil evidence. Adv Parasitol
90:93–135
De Baets K, Antonelli A, Donoghue PCJ (2016) Tectonic blocks and molecular clocks. Philos
Trans R Soc B 371:20160098
De Baets K, Huntley JW, Klompmaker AA, Schiffbauer JD, Muscente AD (2021a) The fossil
record of parasitism: Its extent and taphonomic constraints. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds)
The evolution and fossil record of parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques.
Topics in Geobiology 50
De Baets K, Dentzien-Dias P, Harrison, GWM, Littlewood, DTJ, Parry LA (2021b) Fossil constraints on the timescale of parasitic helminth evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds)
The evolution and fossil record of parasitism: Identification and Macroevolution of Parasites.
Topics in Geobiology 49
de Kinkelin P, Gay M, Forman S (2002) The persistenceof infectivity of Tetracapsula bryosalmonaeinfected water for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J Fish Dis 25:477–482
de Vienne DM, Refrégier G, López-Villavicencio M, Tellier A, Hood ME, Giraud T (2013)
Cospeciation vs host-shift speciation: methods for testing, evidence from natural associations
and relation to coevolution. New Phytol 198:347–385
Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak M-K, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette
J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJP (2018) A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative
studies of tunicates. BMC Biol 16:39
Dentzien-Dias PC, Poinar G Jr, de Figueiredo AEQ, Pacheco ACL, Horn BLD, Schultz CL (2013)
Tapeworm eggs in a 270 million-year-old shark coprolite. PLoS One 8:e55007
Dentzien-Dias P, Carrillo-Briceño JD, Francischini H, Sánchez R (2018) Paleoecological and
taphonomical aspects of the Late Miocene vertebrate coprolites (Urumaco formation) of
Venezuela. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 490:590–603
Dohrmann M, Wörheide G (2013) Novel scenarios of early animal evolution—is it time to rewrite
textbooks? Integr Comp Biol 53:503–511
Dohrmann M, Wörheide G (2017) Dating early animal evolution using phylogenomic data. Sci
Rep 7:3599
4 Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians