144
Boardman RS (1998) Reflections on the morphology, anatomy, evolution, and classification of the
class Stenolaemata (Bryozoa). Smithson Contrib Paleobiol 86:1–60
Boast AP, Weyrich LS, Wood JR, Metcalf JL, Knight R, Cooper A (2018) Coprolites reveal ecological interactions lost with the extinction of New Zealand birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
115:1546–1551
Boero F, Bouillon J (2005) Cnidaria and Ctenophora (cnidarians and comb jellies). In: Rohde K
(ed) Marine parasitology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp 177–182
Boero F, Bouillon J, Gravili C (1991) The life cycle of Hydrichthys mirus (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa:
Anthomedusae: Pandeidae). Zool J Linnean Soc 101:189–199
Boero F, Bouillon J, Piraino S (1992) On the origins and evolution of hydromedusan life cycles
(Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Dallai R (ed) Sex origin and evolution, Symposia and monographs
U.Z.I, vol 6, pp 59–68
Bomfleur B, Kerp H, Taylor TN, Moestrup Ø, Taylor EL (2012) Triassic leech cocoon from
Antarctica contains fossil bell animal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:20971–20974. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.1218879109
Bomfleur B, Mörs T, Ferraguti M, Reguero MA, McLoughlin S (2015) Fossilized spermatozoa
preserved in a 50-Myr-old annelid cocoon from Antarctica. Biol Lett 11:20150431
Bosch TCG (2016) Emergence of immune system components in cnidarians. In: Ratcliffe MJH
(Editor in Chief) Encyclopedia of immunobiology, vol 1. Academic, Oxford, pp 397–406
Brachaniec T, Niedźwiedzki R, Surmik D, Krzykawski T, Szopa K, Gorzelak P, Salamon MA
(2015) Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland.
Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 435:118–126
Brazeau MD, Friedman M (2015) The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates.
Nature 520:490–497
Briggs DEG, Bartels C (2010) Annelids from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate (Lower Emsian,
Rhenish Massif, Germany). Palaeontology 53:215–232
Bromham L (2009) Why do species vary in their rate of molecular evolution? Biol Lett 5:401–404
Bromham L, Cowman PF, Lanfear R (2013) Parasitic plants have increased rates of molecular
evolution across all three genomes. BMC Evol Biol 13:1
Broughton RE, Betancur-R R, Li C, Arratia G, Ortí G (2013) Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution. PLOS Curr Tree Life. https://doi.
org/10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e
Brown SP, Renaud F, Guégan JF, Thomas F (2001) Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites:
the need to reach a mating place? J Evol Biol 14:815–820
Canning EU, Okamura B (2004) Biodiversity and evolution of the Myxozoa. Adv Parasitol
56:43–131
Canning EU, Curry A, Feist SW, Longshaw M, Okamura B (2000) A new class and order of myxozoans to accommodate parasites of bryozoans with ultrastructural observations on Tetracapsula
bryosalmonae (PKX organism). J Euk Microbiol 47:456–468
Carrete Vega G, Wiens JJ (2012) Why are there so few fish in the sea? Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
279:2323–2329
Cartwright P, Nawrocki AM (2010) Character evolution in Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Integr
Comp Biol 50:456–472
Chang ES, Neuhof M, Rubinstein ND, Diamant A, Philippe H, Huchon D, Cartwright P (2015)
Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 112:14912–14917
Chin K (2021) Gastrointestinal parasites of ancient non-human vertebrates: evidence from coprolites and other materials. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of
parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Choisy M, Brown SP, Lafferty KD, Thomas F (2003) Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites: why add intermediate hosts? Am Nat 162:172–181
Colleary C, Dolocan A, Gardner J, Singh S, Wuttke M, Rabenstein R, Habersetzer J, Schaal S,
Feseha M, Clemens M, Jacobs BF, Currano ED, Jacobs LL, Sylvestersen RL, Gabbott SE,
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl
Boardman RS (1998) Reflections on the morphology, anatomy, evolution, and classification of the
class Stenolaemata (Bryozoa). Smithson Contrib Paleobiol 86:1–60
Boast AP, Weyrich LS, Wood JR, Metcalf JL, Knight R, Cooper A (2018) Coprolites reveal ecological interactions lost with the extinction of New Zealand birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
115:1546–1551
Boero F, Bouillon J (2005) Cnidaria and Ctenophora (cnidarians and comb jellies). In: Rohde K
(ed) Marine parasitology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp 177–182
Boero F, Bouillon J, Gravili C (1991) The life cycle of Hydrichthys mirus (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa:
Anthomedusae: Pandeidae). Zool J Linnean Soc 101:189–199
Boero F, Bouillon J, Piraino S (1992) On the origins and evolution of hydromedusan life cycles
(Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Dallai R (ed) Sex origin and evolution, Symposia and monographs
U.Z.I, vol 6, pp 59–68
Bomfleur B, Kerp H, Taylor TN, Moestrup Ø, Taylor EL (2012) Triassic leech cocoon from
Antarctica contains fossil bell animal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:20971–20974. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.1218879109
Bomfleur B, Mörs T, Ferraguti M, Reguero MA, McLoughlin S (2015) Fossilized spermatozoa
preserved in a 50-Myr-old annelid cocoon from Antarctica. Biol Lett 11:20150431
Bosch TCG (2016) Emergence of immune system components in cnidarians. In: Ratcliffe MJH
(Editor in Chief) Encyclopedia of immunobiology, vol 1. Academic, Oxford, pp 397–406
Brachaniec T, Niedźwiedzki R, Surmik D, Krzykawski T, Szopa K, Gorzelak P, Salamon MA
(2015) Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland.
Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 435:118–126
Brazeau MD, Friedman M (2015) The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates.
Nature 520:490–497
Briggs DEG, Bartels C (2010) Annelids from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate (Lower Emsian,
Rhenish Massif, Germany). Palaeontology 53:215–232
Bromham L (2009) Why do species vary in their rate of molecular evolution? Biol Lett 5:401–404
Bromham L, Cowman PF, Lanfear R (2013) Parasitic plants have increased rates of molecular
evolution across all three genomes. BMC Evol Biol 13:1
Broughton RE, Betancur-R R, Li C, Arratia G, Ortí G (2013) Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution. PLOS Curr Tree Life. https://doi.
org/10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e
Brown SP, Renaud F, Guégan JF, Thomas F (2001) Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites:
the need to reach a mating place? J Evol Biol 14:815–820
Canning EU, Okamura B (2004) Biodiversity and evolution of the Myxozoa. Adv Parasitol
56:43–131
Canning EU, Curry A, Feist SW, Longshaw M, Okamura B (2000) A new class and order of myxozoans to accommodate parasites of bryozoans with ultrastructural observations on Tetracapsula
bryosalmonae (PKX organism). J Euk Microbiol 47:456–468
Carrete Vega G, Wiens JJ (2012) Why are there so few fish in the sea? Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
279:2323–2329
Cartwright P, Nawrocki AM (2010) Character evolution in Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Integr
Comp Biol 50:456–472
Chang ES, Neuhof M, Rubinstein ND, Diamant A, Philippe H, Huchon D, Cartwright P (2015)
Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 112:14912–14917
Chin K (2021) Gastrointestinal parasites of ancient non-human vertebrates: evidence from coprolites and other materials. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of
parasitism: Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Choisy M, Brown SP, Lafferty KD, Thomas F (2003) Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites: why add intermediate hosts? Am Nat 162:172–181
Colleary C, Dolocan A, Gardner J, Singh S, Wuttke M, Rabenstein R, Habersetzer J, Schaal S,
Feseha M, Clemens M, Jacobs BF, Currano ED, Jacobs LL, Sylvestersen RL, Gabbott SE,
B. Okamura and A. Gruhl