205, 206, 208, 211, 220, 231, 232, 237,
238, 254, 258, 261–265, 267, 273, 284,
285, 292, 293, 296, 297, 309–311, 315,
324, 337, 338, 351, 370, 470–472, 477,
480, 485, 486, 490, 495, 496, 507, 508,
515, 517, 530, 532, 533, 539, 544, 551,
563, 584, 585, 595, 596, 602, 605, 606,
615–617, 624, 626, 627, 630, 644, 647
Service suppliers, 261, 603, 605, 608, 609
SERVQUAL, 606–608
Sewerage, 3, 5, 27, 30, 55, 85, 137, 205, 282,
515, 522, 598, 617
Shadow cost, 244, 245
Shadow prices, 150, 223, 244, 245
Shadow projects, 223, 232, 233
Shelter, 2, 14, 22, 45, 85, 104, 105, 130
Short term plan, 150
Simple additive model, 416
Simple additive weighting (SAW), 411,
413–419, 437, 439
Simulation methods, 395
Simulations, xi, 167, 168, 172, 173, 179, 183,
237, 342, 345–348, 352, 354, 358, 362,
364, 365, 369, 373–380, 393, 395, 407
Simulation techniques, 359, 364–365, 407
Single purpose cost, 542, 552
Site coverage, 77–79
Skills
deficiency, 587
required, 15, 45, 127, 511, 571, 577, 584,
585, 588, 589
Smart service, 618
Smoothing of information, 180–181
Social approach, 107
Social choices, 104
Social costs, 12, 39, 129, 150, 197, 198, 493
Social development, 2, 129
Social disturbances, 206
Social environments, 201, 482
Social goods, 470, 480–484, 486, 488–490,
492, 493
Social improvements, 23, 107
Social infrastructure, 30, 32, 337, 487–493
Social organisations, 7, 117
Social overhead capital, 30, 34
Social relationships, 203, 489
Social scrutiny, 217
Social surplus, 492
Social technology, 145
Social transformation, 207
Social utility, 186
Social welfare, 26, 128, 186, 220, 222, 247,
249, 473, 477, 483
Social welfare functions, 193–196
Societal decision, 186
Societal demand, 479, 481, 484–487
Societal welfare, 220, 222, 320
Sociocultural impacts, 339
Socio-economic development, 21, 334
Solid waste, 24, 25, 30, 172, 529
Solution from the model, 357–359
Sources, 2, 3, 6, 12, 14, 24, 26, 29, 51, 52, 74,
85, 112, 116, 121, 124, 128, 176, 177,
204, 216, 240, 247, 261, 262, 287, 316,
327, 336, 345, 351, 495, 500, 507, 513,
526, 527, 530, 560, 589, 590, 609, 616,
630
Sources of finance, 500
Spatial organisation, xi, 21, 61–102
Specific costs, 542–549, 552, 553
Spenders, 323–325
Sponsors, 141, 478, 504–511, 515, 520, 626
Sporadic errors, 576
Stakeholders, xi, 25, 54, 129, 149, 152, 154,
156, 169, 173, 206, 295, 296, 299, 302,
314, 316, 325, 330, 331, 348, 382, 433,
632
Standard deviations, 274, 423, 425, 427, 466,
467
Standards of living, 27, 104, 107, 125, 128
Standby redundancy, 271, 272
Standby system, 271, 273
State commitment, 207
State of nature, 357, 365, 446, 447, 449, 452,
466
Steady state, 181
Step method, 401–404
Stochastic systems, 168
Strategic planning, 62, 100
Strategy generation, 169–171
Structures, xi, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 34, 38, 43, 49, 52,
57, 75, 131, 144, 145, 156, 164, 166,
167, 171–173, 183, 189, 207, 209–212,
215, 216, 238, 242, 254, 255, 260, 282,
284–287, 289, 290, 297, 301, 306–308,
311, 320, 330, 345, 355, 438, 497, 511,
512, 514, 526, 533, 536, 541, 542, 567,
569, 598, 617
Subordinated loans, 515, 520
Subsidies, 12, 48, 55, 95, 111, 119, 222, 300,
479, 490, 493, 537, 539, 624
Subsystems, 163, 183, 266, 270, 271, 316, 368
Successful development, 105
Successful training, 587, 588
Suez Canal, 501–503
Superstructure, 2, 19
Index
681
238, 254, 258, 261–265, 267, 273, 284,
285, 292, 293, 296, 297, 309–311, 315,
324, 337, 338, 351, 370, 470–472, 477,
480, 485, 486, 490, 495, 496, 507, 508,
515, 517, 530, 532, 533, 539, 544, 551,
563, 584, 585, 595, 596, 602, 605, 606,
615–617, 624, 626, 627, 630, 644, 647
Service suppliers, 261, 603, 605, 608, 609
SERVQUAL, 606–608
Sewerage, 3, 5, 27, 30, 55, 85, 137, 205, 282,
515, 522, 598, 617
Shadow cost, 244, 245
Shadow prices, 150, 223, 244, 245
Shadow projects, 223, 232, 233
Shelter, 2, 14, 22, 45, 85, 104, 105, 130
Short term plan, 150
Simple additive model, 416
Simple additive weighting (SAW), 411,
413–419, 437, 439
Simulation methods, 395
Simulations, xi, 167, 168, 172, 173, 179, 183,
237, 342, 345–348, 352, 354, 358, 362,
364, 365, 369, 373–380, 393, 395, 407
Simulation techniques, 359, 364–365, 407
Single purpose cost, 542, 552
Site coverage, 77–79
Skills
deficiency, 587
required, 15, 45, 127, 511, 571, 577, 584,
585, 588, 589
Smart service, 618
Smoothing of information, 180–181
Social approach, 107
Social choices, 104
Social costs, 12, 39, 129, 150, 197, 198, 493
Social development, 2, 129
Social disturbances, 206
Social environments, 201, 482
Social goods, 470, 480–484, 486, 488–490,
492, 493
Social improvements, 23, 107
Social infrastructure, 30, 32, 337, 487–493
Social organisations, 7, 117
Social overhead capital, 30, 34
Social relationships, 203, 489
Social scrutiny, 217
Social surplus, 492
Social technology, 145
Social transformation, 207
Social utility, 186
Social welfare, 26, 128, 186, 220, 222, 247,
249, 473, 477, 483
Social welfare functions, 193–196
Societal decision, 186
Societal demand, 479, 481, 484–487
Societal welfare, 220, 222, 320
Sociocultural impacts, 339
Socio-economic development, 21, 334
Solid waste, 24, 25, 30, 172, 529
Solution from the model, 357–359
Sources, 2, 3, 6, 12, 14, 24, 26, 29, 51, 52, 74,
85, 112, 116, 121, 124, 128, 176, 177,
204, 216, 240, 247, 261, 262, 287, 316,
327, 336, 345, 351, 495, 500, 507, 513,
526, 527, 530, 560, 589, 590, 609, 616,
630
Sources of finance, 500
Spatial organisation, xi, 21, 61–102
Specific costs, 542–549, 552, 553
Spenders, 323–325
Sponsors, 141, 478, 504–511, 515, 520, 626
Sporadic errors, 576
Stakeholders, xi, 25, 54, 129, 149, 152, 154,
156, 169, 173, 206, 295, 296, 299, 302,
314, 316, 325, 330, 331, 348, 382, 433,
632
Standard deviations, 274, 423, 425, 427, 466,
467
Standards of living, 27, 104, 107, 125, 128
Standby redundancy, 271, 272
Standby system, 271, 273
State commitment, 207
State of nature, 357, 365, 446, 447, 449, 452,
466
Steady state, 181
Step method, 401–404
Stochastic systems, 168
Strategic planning, 62, 100
Strategy generation, 169–171
Structures, xi, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 34, 38, 43, 49, 52,
57, 75, 131, 144, 145, 156, 164, 166,
167, 171–173, 183, 189, 207, 209–212,
215, 216, 238, 242, 254, 255, 260, 282,
284–287, 289, 290, 297, 301, 306–308,
311, 320, 330, 345, 355, 438, 497, 511,
512, 514, 526, 533, 536, 541, 542, 567,
569, 598, 617
Subordinated loans, 515, 520
Subsidies, 12, 48, 55, 95, 111, 119, 222, 300,
479, 490, 493, 537, 539, 624
Subsystems, 163, 183, 266, 270, 271, 316, 368
Successful development, 105
Successful training, 587, 588
Suez Canal, 501–503
Superstructure, 2, 19
Index
681