684
J Useful Biophysical Data
Table J.8 Balance yourself
Organs
Eye/brain
Visual analysis
Inner ear system
Semicircular
canals a
Change in rotation
Inner ear system
Utricle
Horizontal acceleration
Inner ear system
Vestibule
Vertical acceleration
Distributed
Proprioceptors Body position
a Specific data are sparse, but see Timothy A. Huller, Semicircular Canal Geometry,· · · , Anat Rec
A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biology 288:4,466–472 (2006). Useful for the prediction of extinct animal
behavior using skull measurements.
Table J.9 With taste
Total number of taste buds (tongue, palate,
cheeks)
10,000
Number of taste buds on the tongue
9000
Height of taste bud
50–100 microns
Diameter of taste bud
30–60 microns
Number of receptors on each taste bud
50–150
Diameter of taste receptor
10 micron
Diameter of taste fiber
less than 4 micron
Taste threshold for quinine sulfate
3.376 mg/liter water
Table J.10 That Ol’factory smells
Number of human olfactory receptor cells
12 million
Number of rabbit olfactory receptor cells
100 million
Number of dog olfactory receptor cells
1 billion
Number of bloodhound olfactory receptor cells 4 billion
Surface area of olfactory epithelium (humans)
10 cm 2
Surface area of bloodhound olfactory
epithelium
760 cm 2
Area of olfactory epithelium in some dogs
170 cm 2
Area of olfactory epithelium in cats
21 cm 2
Thickness of olfactory epithelium mucous layer 20–50 microns
Diameter of olfactory receptor axons
0.1–0.2 micron
Diameter of distal end olfactory receptor cell
1 micron
Diameter of olfactory receptor cell
40–50 micron
Number of cilia per olfactory receptor cell
10–30
Length of cilia on olfactory receptor cell
100–150 micron
Concentration for detection threshold of musk
0.04 μg/liter air