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T.-C. Weng, X.-Q. Yang, Y.S. Meng, D. Nordlund, W. Yang, M.M. Doeff, Synchrotron X-ray
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152. X. Zhang, J.L. Kuo, M.X. Gu, X.F. Fan, P. Bai, Q.G. Song, C.Q. Sun, Local structure relaxation,
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153. X. Zhang, Y.G. Nie, W.T. Zheng, J.L. Kuo, C.Q. Sun, Discriminative generation and hydrogen
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49(11), 3615–3621 (2011)
154. C.Q. Sun, X. Zhang, J. Zhou, Y. Huang, Y. Zhou, W. Zheng, Density, elasticity, and stability
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155. P.S. Bagus, E.S. Ilton, C.J. Nelin, The interpretation of XPS spectra: insights into materials
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156. B. Johansson, N. Martensson, Core-level binding-energy shifts for the metallic elements.
Phys. Rev. B 21(10), 4427–4457 (1980)
157. G.K. Wertheim, H.J. Guggenhe, D.N. Buchanan, Size effect in ionic charge relaxation
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954–957 (1978)
159. E. Pehlke, M. Scheffler, Evidence for site-sensitive screening of core holes at the Si and Ge
(001) surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(14), 2338–2341 (1993)
160. Y. Wang, X. Zhang, Y.G. Nie, C.Q. Sun, Under-coordinated atoms induced local strain, quantum trap depression and valence charge polarization at W stepped surfaces. Phys. B-Condens.
Matter 407(1), 49–53 (2012)
161. V. Vijayakrishnan, A. Chainani, D.D. Sarma, C.N.R. Rao, Metal-insulator transitions in metalclusters—a high-energy spectroscopy study of Pd and Ag clusters. J. Phys. Chem. 96(22),
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162. P.H. Citrin, G.K. Wertheim, Photoemission from surface-atom core levels, surface densities
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163. M.G. Mason, In Cluster Models for Surface and Bulk Phenomena, ed. G. Pacchioni (Plenum,
New York, 1992)
164. C.N.R. Rao, G.U. Kulkarni, P.J. Thomas, P.P. Edwards, Size-dependent chemistry: properties
of nanocrystals. Chem. Eur. J 8(1), 29–35 (2002)
23
143. S. Suzer, E. Abelev, S.L. Bernasek, Impedance-type measurements using XPS. Appl. Surf.
Sci. 256(5), 1296–1298 (2009)
144. H. Sezen, S. Suzer, Communication: enhancement of dopant dependent x-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy peak shifts of Si by surface photovoltage. J. Chem. Phys. 135(14), 141102 (2011)
145. F. Lin, Y. Liu, X. Yu, L. Cheng, A. Singer, O.G. Shpyrko, H.L. Xin, N. Tamura, C. Tian,
T.-C. Weng, X.-Q. Yang, Y.S. Meng, D. Nordlund, W. Yang, M.M. Doeff, Synchrotron X-ray
analytical techniques for studying materials electrochemistry in rechargeable batteries. Chem.
Rev. 117(21), 13123–13186 (2017)
146. C. Papp, H.-P. Steinrück, In situ high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy—fundamental insights in surface reactions. Surf. Sci. Rep. 68(3–4), 446–487 (2013)
147. A.Y. Klyushin, T.C.R. Rocha, M. Havecker, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schlogl, A near ambient
pressure XPS study of Au oxidation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 7881–7886 (2014)
148. K.R. Wilson, B.S. Rude, T. Catalano, R.D. Schaller, J.G. Tobin, D.T. Co, R.J. Saykally, X-ray
spectroscopy of liquid water microjets. J. Phys. Chem. B 105(17), 3346–3349 (2001)
149. K.R. Siefermann, Y. Liu, E. Lugovoy, O. Link, M. Faubel, U. Buck, B. Winter, B. Abel,
Binding energies, lifetimes and implications of bulk and interface solvated electrons in water.
Nat. Chem. 2, 274–279 (2010)
150. L. Bianchettin, A. Baraldi, S. de Gironcoli, E. Vesselli, S. Lizzit, L. Petaccia, G. Comelli, R.
Rosei, Core level shifts of undercoordinated Pt atoms. J. Chem. Phys. 128(11), 114706 (2008)
151. W.D. Phillips, Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Rev. Mod. Phys. 70(3), 721–741
(1998)
152. X. Zhang, J.L. Kuo, M.X. Gu, X.F. Fan, P. Bai, Q.G. Song, C.Q. Sun, Local structure relaxation,
quantum trap depression, and valence charge polarization induced by the shorter-and-stronger
bonds between under-coordinated atoms in gold nanostructures. Nanoscale 2(3), 412–417
(2010)
153. X. Zhang, Y.G. Nie, W.T. Zheng, J.L. Kuo, C.Q. Sun, Discriminative generation and hydrogen
modulation of the Dirac-Fermi polarons at graphene edges and atomic vacancies. Carbon
49(11), 3615–3621 (2011)
154. C.Q. Sun, X. Zhang, J. Zhou, Y. Huang, Y. Zhou, W. Zheng, Density, elasticity, and stability
anomalies of water molecules with fewer than four neighbors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 2565–
2570 (2013)
155. P.S. Bagus, E.S. Ilton, C.J. Nelin, The interpretation of XPS spectra: insights into materials
properties. Surf. Sci. Rep. 68(2), 273–304 (2013)
156. B. Johansson, N. Martensson, Core-level binding-energy shifts for the metallic elements.
Phys. Rev. B 21(10), 4427–4457 (1980)
157. G.K. Wertheim, H.J. Guggenhe, D.N. Buchanan, Size effect in ionic charge relaxation
following auger effect. J. Chem. Phys .51(5), 1931–1934 (1969)
158. A.R. Williams, N.D. Lang, Core-level binding-energy shifts in metals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40(14),
954–957 (1978)
159. E. Pehlke, M. Scheffler, Evidence for site-sensitive screening of core holes at the Si and Ge
(001) surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(14), 2338–2341 (1993)
160. Y. Wang, X. Zhang, Y.G. Nie, C.Q. Sun, Under-coordinated atoms induced local strain, quantum trap depression and valence charge polarization at W stepped surfaces. Phys. B-Condens.
Matter 407(1), 49–53 (2012)
161. V. Vijayakrishnan, A. Chainani, D.D. Sarma, C.N.R. Rao, Metal-insulator transitions in metalclusters—a high-energy spectroscopy study of Pd and Ag clusters. J. Phys. Chem. 96(22),
8679–8682 (1992)
162. P.H. Citrin, G.K. Wertheim, Photoemission from surface-atom core levels, surface densities
of states, and metal-atom clusters: a unified picture. Phys. Rev. B 27(6), 3176–3200 (1983)
163. M.G. Mason, In Cluster Models for Surface and Bulk Phenomena, ed. G. Pacchioni (Plenum,
New York, 1992)
164. C.N.R. Rao, G.U. Kulkarni, P.J. Thomas, P.P. Edwards, Size-dependent chemistry: properties
of nanocrystals. Chem. Eur. J 8(1), 29–35 (2002)