22
1 Introduction
121. D.Q. Yang, E. Sacher, Carbon 1s X-ray photoemission line shape analysis of highly oriented
pyrolytic graphite: the influence of structural damage on peak asymmetry. Langmuir 22(3),
860–862 (2006)
122. I. Aruna, B.R. Mehta, L.K. Malhotra, S.M. Shivaprasad, Size dependence of core and valence
binding energies in Pd nanoparticles: interplay of quantum confinement and coordination
reduction. J. Appl. Phys. 104(6), 064308 (2008)
123. S.A. Chambers, Elastic-scattering and interface of backscattered primary, Auger and X-ray
photoelectrons at high kinetic-energy—principles and applications. Surf. Sci. Rep. 16(6),
261–331 (1992)
124. D.-L. Feng, Photoemission spectroscopy: deep into the bulk. Nat. Mater. 10(10), 729–730
(2011)
125. W.J. Huang, R. Sun, J. Tao, L.D. Menard, R.G. Nuzzo, J.M. Zuo, Coordination-dependent
surface atomic contraction in nanocrystals revealed by coherent diffraction. Nat. Mater. 7(4),
308–313 (2008)
126. B.S. Fang, W.S. Lo, T.S. Chien, T.C. Leung, C.Y. Lue, C.T. Chan, K.M. Ho, Surface band
structures on Nb(001). Phys. Rev. B 50(15), 11093–11101 (1994)
127. M. Alden, H.L. Skriver, B. Johansson, Ab-initio surface core-level shifts and surface
segregation energies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2449–2452 (1993)
128. E. Navas, K. Starke, C. Laubschat, E. Weschke, G. Kaindl, Surface core-level shift of 4f states
for Tb(0001). Phys. Rev. B 48(19), 14753 (1993)
129. T. Balasubramanian, J.N. Andersen, L. Wallden, Surface-bulk core-level splitting in graphite.
Phys. Rev. B 64, 205420 (2001)
130. R.A. Bartynski, D. Heskett, K. Garrison, G. Watson, D.M. Zehner, W.N. Mei, S.Y. Tong, X.
Pan, The 1st interlayer spacing of Ta(100) determined by photoelectron diffraction. J. Vac.
Sci. Technol. A 7(3), 1931–1936 (1989)
131. J.N. Andersen, D. Hennig, E. Lundgren, M. Methfessel, R. Nyholm, M. Scheffler, Surface core-level shifts of some 4d-metal single-crystal surfaces: experiments and ab initio
calculations. Phys. Rev. B 50(23), 17525–17533 (1994)
132. A. Baraldi, L. Bianchettin, E. Vesselli, S. de Gironcoli, S. Lizzit, L. Petaccia, G. Zampieri,
G. Comelli, R. Rosei, Highly under-coordinated atoms at Rh surfaces: interplay of strain and
coordination effects on core level shift. New J. Phys. 9, 143 (2007)
133. R. Nyholm, J.N. Andersen, J.F. Vanacker, M. Qvarford, Surface core-level shifts of the Al(100)
and Al(111) surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 44(19), 10987–10990 (1991)
134. N. Benito, R.E. Galindo, J. Rubio-Zuazo, G.R. Castro, C. Palacio, High- and low-energy x-ray
photoelectron techniques for compositional depth profiles: destructive versus non-destructive
methods. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 46(6), 065310 (2013)
135. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, J.N. Andersen, E. Lundgren, R. Nyholm, Surface-shifted
core levels on Be(0001). Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2453–2456 (1993)
136. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, E. Lundgren, J.N. Andersen, R. Nyholm, Surface core-level
shift on Be(11-20). Surf. Sci. 321(3), L219–L224 (1994)
137. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, Unusual behavior of surface shifted core levels on Be (0001)
and Be(10-10). Nucl. Instru. Methods Phys. Res. B 97, 430–435 (1995)
138. L.I. Johansson, P.A. Glans, T. Balasubramanian, Fourth-layer surface core-level shift on
Be(0001). Phys. Rev. B 58(7), 3621–3624 (1998)
139. L.K. Pan, Y.K. Ee, C.Q. Sun, G.Q. Yu, Q.Y. Zhang, B.K. Tay, Band-gap expansion, core-level
shift, and dielectric suppression of porous silicon passivated by plasma fluorination. J. Vac.
Sci. Technol. B 22(2), 583–587 (2004)
140. S. Suzer, XPS investigation of a Si-diode in operation. Anal. Methods 4(11), 3527–3530
(2012)
141. S. Suzer, H. Sezen, A. Dana, Two-dimensional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for
composite surface analysis. Anal. Chem. 80(10), 3931–3936 (2008)
142. S. Suzer, H. Sezen, G. Ertas, A. Dana, XPS measurements for probing dynamics of charging.
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 176(1–3), 52–57 (2010)
1 Introduction
121. D.Q. Yang, E. Sacher, Carbon 1s X-ray photoemission line shape analysis of highly oriented
pyrolytic graphite: the influence of structural damage on peak asymmetry. Langmuir 22(3),
860–862 (2006)
122. I. Aruna, B.R. Mehta, L.K. Malhotra, S.M. Shivaprasad, Size dependence of core and valence
binding energies in Pd nanoparticles: interplay of quantum confinement and coordination
reduction. J. Appl. Phys. 104(6), 064308 (2008)
123. S.A. Chambers, Elastic-scattering and interface of backscattered primary, Auger and X-ray
photoelectrons at high kinetic-energy—principles and applications. Surf. Sci. Rep. 16(6),
261–331 (1992)
124. D.-L. Feng, Photoemission spectroscopy: deep into the bulk. Nat. Mater. 10(10), 729–730
(2011)
125. W.J. Huang, R. Sun, J. Tao, L.D. Menard, R.G. Nuzzo, J.M. Zuo, Coordination-dependent
surface atomic contraction in nanocrystals revealed by coherent diffraction. Nat. Mater. 7(4),
308–313 (2008)
126. B.S. Fang, W.S. Lo, T.S. Chien, T.C. Leung, C.Y. Lue, C.T. Chan, K.M. Ho, Surface band
structures on Nb(001). Phys. Rev. B 50(15), 11093–11101 (1994)
127. M. Alden, H.L. Skriver, B. Johansson, Ab-initio surface core-level shifts and surface
segregation energies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2449–2452 (1993)
128. E. Navas, K. Starke, C. Laubschat, E. Weschke, G. Kaindl, Surface core-level shift of 4f states
for Tb(0001). Phys. Rev. B 48(19), 14753 (1993)
129. T. Balasubramanian, J.N. Andersen, L. Wallden, Surface-bulk core-level splitting in graphite.
Phys. Rev. B 64, 205420 (2001)
130. R.A. Bartynski, D. Heskett, K. Garrison, G. Watson, D.M. Zehner, W.N. Mei, S.Y. Tong, X.
Pan, The 1st interlayer spacing of Ta(100) determined by photoelectron diffraction. J. Vac.
Sci. Technol. A 7(3), 1931–1936 (1989)
131. J.N. Andersen, D. Hennig, E. Lundgren, M. Methfessel, R. Nyholm, M. Scheffler, Surface core-level shifts of some 4d-metal single-crystal surfaces: experiments and ab initio
calculations. Phys. Rev. B 50(23), 17525–17533 (1994)
132. A. Baraldi, L. Bianchettin, E. Vesselli, S. de Gironcoli, S. Lizzit, L. Petaccia, G. Zampieri,
G. Comelli, R. Rosei, Highly under-coordinated atoms at Rh surfaces: interplay of strain and
coordination effects on core level shift. New J. Phys. 9, 143 (2007)
133. R. Nyholm, J.N. Andersen, J.F. Vanacker, M. Qvarford, Surface core-level shifts of the Al(100)
and Al(111) surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 44(19), 10987–10990 (1991)
134. N. Benito, R.E. Galindo, J. Rubio-Zuazo, G.R. Castro, C. Palacio, High- and low-energy x-ray
photoelectron techniques for compositional depth profiles: destructive versus non-destructive
methods. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 46(6), 065310 (2013)
135. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, J.N. Andersen, E. Lundgren, R. Nyholm, Surface-shifted
core levels on Be(0001). Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2453–2456 (1993)
136. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, E. Lundgren, J.N. Andersen, R. Nyholm, Surface core-level
shift on Be(11-20). Surf. Sci. 321(3), L219–L224 (1994)
137. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, Unusual behavior of surface shifted core levels on Be (0001)
and Be(10-10). Nucl. Instru. Methods Phys. Res. B 97, 430–435 (1995)
138. L.I. Johansson, P.A. Glans, T. Balasubramanian, Fourth-layer surface core-level shift on
Be(0001). Phys. Rev. B 58(7), 3621–3624 (1998)
139. L.K. Pan, Y.K. Ee, C.Q. Sun, G.Q. Yu, Q.Y. Zhang, B.K. Tay, Band-gap expansion, core-level
shift, and dielectric suppression of porous silicon passivated by plasma fluorination. J. Vac.
Sci. Technol. B 22(2), 583–587 (2004)
140. S. Suzer, XPS investigation of a Si-diode in operation. Anal. Methods 4(11), 3527–3530
(2012)
141. S. Suzer, H. Sezen, A. Dana, Two-dimensional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for
composite surface analysis. Anal. Chem. 80(10), 3931–3936 (2008)
142. S. Suzer, H. Sezen, G. Ertas, A. Dana, XPS measurements for probing dynamics of charging.
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 176(1–3), 52–57 (2010)