160
7 Carbon Allotropes
74. P.M. Ajayan, M. Terrones, A. de la Guardia, V. Huc, N. Grobert, B.Q. Wei, H. Lezec,
G. Ramanath, T.W. Ebbesen, Nanotubes in a flash—Ignition and reconstruction. Science
296(5568), 705 (2002)
75. K. Nakada, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, Edge state in graphene ribbons:
Nanometer size effect and edge shape dependence. Phys. Rev. B 54(24), 17954–17961 (1996)
76. D. Gunlycke, C.T. White, Tight-binding energy dispersions of armchair-edge graphene
nanostrips. Phys. Rev. B 77, 115116 (2008)
77. M.Y. Han, B. Ozyilmaz, Y.B. Zhang, P. Kim, Energy band-gap engineering of graphene
nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 206805 (2007)
78. S.S. Yu, Q.B. Wen, W.T. Zheng, Q. Jiang, Electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons with
armchair-shaped edges. Mol. Simul. 34(10–15), 1085–1090 (2008)
79. S. Reich, J. Maultzsch, C. Thomsen, P. Ordejo, Tight-binding description of graphene. Phys.
Rev. B 66(3), 035412 (2002)
80. I. Zanella, S. Guerini, S.B. Fagan, J. Mendes, A.G. Souza, Chemical doping-induced gap
opening and spin polarization in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 77, 073404 (2008)
81. E. Rotenberg, A. Bostwick, T. Ohta, J.L. McChesney, T. Seyller, K. Horn, Origin of the energy
bandgap in epitaxial graphene. Nat. Mater. 7(4), 258–259 (2008)
82. Z.F. Wang, Q.X. Li, H.X. Zheng, H. Ren, H.B. Su, Q.W. Shi, J. Chen, Tuning the electronic
structure of graphene nanoribbons through chemical edge modification: a theoretical study.
Phys. Rev. B 75, 113406 (2007)
83. S.Y. Zhou, D.A. Siegel, A.V. Fedorov, F. El Gabaly, A.K. Schmid, A.H.C. Neto, D.H. Lee,
A. Lanzara, Origin of the energy bandgap in epitaxial graphene—Reply. Nat. Mater. 7(4),
259–260 (2008)
84. S.Y. Zhou, G.H. Gweon, A.V. Fedorov, P.N. First, W.A. De Heer, D.H. Lee, F. Guinea,
A.H.C. Neto, A. Lanzara, Substrate-induced bandgap opening in epitaxial graphene. Nat.
Mater. 6(10), 770–775 (2007)
85. G. Gui, J. Li, J.X. Zhong, Band structure engineering of graphene by strain: First-principles
calculations. Phys. Rev. B 78(7), 075435 (2008)
86. C.L. Kane, E.J. Mele, Quantum spin Hall effect in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 226801
(2005)
87. T. Kondo, Y. Honma, J. Oh, T. Machida, J. Nakamura, Edge states propagating from a defect
of graphite: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements. Phys. Rev. B 82(15), 153414
(2010)
88. K.J. Kim, H. Lee, J.H. Choi, Y.S. Youn, J. Choi, T.H. Kang, M.C. Jung, H.J. Shin, H.J. Lee, S.
Kim, B. Kim, Scanning photoemission microscopy of graphene sheets on SiO 2 . Adv. Mater.
20(19), 3589–3591 (2008)
89. H. Hibino, H. Kageshima, M. Kotsugi, F. Maeda, F.-Z. Guo, Y. Watanabe, Dependence of
electronic properties of epitaxial few-layer graphene on the number of layers investigated by
photoelectron emission microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 79, 125431 (2009)
90. H.Y. Mao, R. Wang, H. Huang, Y.Z. Wang, X.Y. Gao, S.N. Bao, A.T.S. Wee, W. Chen, Tuning
of C[sub 60] energy levels using orientation-controlled phthalocyanine films. J. Appl. Phys.
108(5), 053706 (2010)
91. C.Q. Sun, Dominance of broken bonds and nonbonding electrons at the nanoscale. Nanoscale
2(10), 1930–1961 (2010)
92. W.T. Zheng, C.Q. Sun, Underneath the fascinations of carbon nanotubes and graphene
nanoribbons. Energy Environ. Sci. 4(3), 627–655 (2011)
93. X. Zhang, Y.G. Nie, W.T. Zheng, J.L. Kuo, C.Q. Sun, Discriminative generation and hydrogen
modulation of the Dirac-Fermi polarons at graphene edges and atomic vacancies. Carbon
49(11), 3615–3621 (2011)
94. Y.B. Zhang, Y.W. Tan, H.L. Stormer, P. Kim, Experimental observation of the quantum Hall
effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 438(7065), 201–204 (2005)
95. T. Ohta, A. Bostwick, T. Seyller, K. Horn, E. Rotenberg, Controlling the electronic structure
of bilayer graphene. Science 313(5789), 951–954 (2006)
7 Carbon Allotropes
74. P.M. Ajayan, M. Terrones, A. de la Guardia, V. Huc, N. Grobert, B.Q. Wei, H. Lezec,
G. Ramanath, T.W. Ebbesen, Nanotubes in a flash—Ignition and reconstruction. Science
296(5568), 705 (2002)
75. K. Nakada, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, Edge state in graphene ribbons:
Nanometer size effect and edge shape dependence. Phys. Rev. B 54(24), 17954–17961 (1996)
76. D. Gunlycke, C.T. White, Tight-binding energy dispersions of armchair-edge graphene
nanostrips. Phys. Rev. B 77, 115116 (2008)
77. M.Y. Han, B. Ozyilmaz, Y.B. Zhang, P. Kim, Energy band-gap engineering of graphene
nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 206805 (2007)
78. S.S. Yu, Q.B. Wen, W.T. Zheng, Q. Jiang, Electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons with
armchair-shaped edges. Mol. Simul. 34(10–15), 1085–1090 (2008)
79. S. Reich, J. Maultzsch, C. Thomsen, P. Ordejo, Tight-binding description of graphene. Phys.
Rev. B 66(3), 035412 (2002)
80. I. Zanella, S. Guerini, S.B. Fagan, J. Mendes, A.G. Souza, Chemical doping-induced gap
opening and spin polarization in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 77, 073404 (2008)
81. E. Rotenberg, A. Bostwick, T. Ohta, J.L. McChesney, T. Seyller, K. Horn, Origin of the energy
bandgap in epitaxial graphene. Nat. Mater. 7(4), 258–259 (2008)
82. Z.F. Wang, Q.X. Li, H.X. Zheng, H. Ren, H.B. Su, Q.W. Shi, J. Chen, Tuning the electronic
structure of graphene nanoribbons through chemical edge modification: a theoretical study.
Phys. Rev. B 75, 113406 (2007)
83. S.Y. Zhou, D.A. Siegel, A.V. Fedorov, F. El Gabaly, A.K. Schmid, A.H.C. Neto, D.H. Lee,
A. Lanzara, Origin of the energy bandgap in epitaxial graphene—Reply. Nat. Mater. 7(4),
259–260 (2008)
84. S.Y. Zhou, G.H. Gweon, A.V. Fedorov, P.N. First, W.A. De Heer, D.H. Lee, F. Guinea,
A.H.C. Neto, A. Lanzara, Substrate-induced bandgap opening in epitaxial graphene. Nat.
Mater. 6(10), 770–775 (2007)
85. G. Gui, J. Li, J.X. Zhong, Band structure engineering of graphene by strain: First-principles
calculations. Phys. Rev. B 78(7), 075435 (2008)
86. C.L. Kane, E.J. Mele, Quantum spin Hall effect in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 226801
(2005)
87. T. Kondo, Y. Honma, J. Oh, T. Machida, J. Nakamura, Edge states propagating from a defect
of graphite: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements. Phys. Rev. B 82(15), 153414
(2010)
88. K.J. Kim, H. Lee, J.H. Choi, Y.S. Youn, J. Choi, T.H. Kang, M.C. Jung, H.J. Shin, H.J. Lee, S.
Kim, B. Kim, Scanning photoemission microscopy of graphene sheets on SiO 2 . Adv. Mater.
20(19), 3589–3591 (2008)
89. H. Hibino, H. Kageshima, M. Kotsugi, F. Maeda, F.-Z. Guo, Y. Watanabe, Dependence of
electronic properties of epitaxial few-layer graphene on the number of layers investigated by
photoelectron emission microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 79, 125431 (2009)
90. H.Y. Mao, R. Wang, H. Huang, Y.Z. Wang, X.Y. Gao, S.N. Bao, A.T.S. Wee, W. Chen, Tuning
of C[sub 60] energy levels using orientation-controlled phthalocyanine films. J. Appl. Phys.
108(5), 053706 (2010)
91. C.Q. Sun, Dominance of broken bonds and nonbonding electrons at the nanoscale. Nanoscale
2(10), 1930–1961 (2010)
92. W.T. Zheng, C.Q. Sun, Underneath the fascinations of carbon nanotubes and graphene
nanoribbons. Energy Environ. Sci. 4(3), 627–655 (2011)
93. X. Zhang, Y.G. Nie, W.T. Zheng, J.L. Kuo, C.Q. Sun, Discriminative generation and hydrogen
modulation of the Dirac-Fermi polarons at graphene edges and atomic vacancies. Carbon
49(11), 3615–3621 (2011)
94. Y.B. Zhang, Y.W. Tan, H.L. Stormer, P. Kim, Experimental observation of the quantum Hall
effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 438(7065), 201–204 (2005)
95. T. Ohta, A. Bostwick, T. Seyller, K. Horn, E. Rotenberg, Controlling the electronic structure
of bilayer graphene. Science 313(5789), 951–954 (2006)