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51. Y.W. Son, M.L. Cohen, S.G. Louie, Energy gaps in graphene nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett.
97(21), 216803 (2006)
52. M. Fujita, K. Wakabayashi, K. Nakada, K. Kusakabe, Peculiar Localized State at Zigzag
Graphite Edge. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 65(7), 1920–1923 (1996)
53. A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007)
54. M.A.H. Vozmediano, M.P. Lopez-Sancho, T. Stauber, F. Guinea, Local defects and ferromagnetism in graphene layers. Phys. Rev. B 72(15), 155121 (2005)
55. S.Y. Zhou, G.H. Gweon, J. Graf, A.V. Fedorov, C.D. Spataru, R.D. Diehl, Y. Kopelevich,
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Phys. 2(9), 595–599 (2006)
56. A. De Martino, L. Dell’Anna, R. Egger, Magnetic confinement of massless Dirac fermions
in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(6), 066802 (2007)
57. K. Nomura, A.H. MacDonald, Quantum transport of massless dirac fermions. Phys. Rev. Lett.
98(7), 076602 (2007)
58. J. Yan, Y.B. Zhang, P. Kim, A. Pinczuk, Electric field effect tuning of electron-phonon coupling
in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(16), 166802 (2007)
59. G.H. Li, A. Luican, E.Y. Andrei, Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of graphene on graphite.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(17), 176804 (2009)
60. X.Z. Yan, C.S. Ting, Weak localization of Dirac fermions in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett.
101(12), 126801 (2008)
61. L. Yang, C.-H. Park, Y.-W. Son, M.L. Cohen, S.G. Louie, Quasiparticle energies and band
gaps in graphene nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(18), 186801 (2007)
62. E. Hernandez, C. Goze, P. Bernier, A. Rubio, Elastic properties of C and BxCyNz composite
nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(20), 4502–4505 (1998)
63. M.F. Yu, O. Lourie, M.J. Dyer, K. Moloni, T.F. Kelly, R.S. Ruoff, Strength and breaking
mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. Science 287(5453), 637–640
(2000)
64. M.F. Yu, B.S. Files, S. Arepalli, R.S. Ruoff, Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon
nanotubes and their mechanical properties. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(24), 5552–5555 (2000)
65. M.M.J. Treacy, T.W. Ebbesen, J.M. Gibson, Exceptionally high Young’s modulus observed
for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 381(6584), 678–680 (1996)
66. J.P. Salvetat, A.J. Kulik, J.M. Bonard, G.A.D. Briggs, T. Stockli, K. Metenier, S. Bonnamy,
F. Beguin, N.A. Burnham, L. Forro, Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multiwalled
carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 11(2), 161–165 (1999)
67. J.P. Salvetat, G.A.D. Briggs, J.M. Bonard, R.R. Bacsa, A.J. Kulik, T. Stockli, N.A. Burnham,
L. Forro, Elastic and shear moduli of single-walled carbon nanotube ropes. Phys. Rev. Lett.
82(5), 944–947 (1999)
68. E.T. Thostenson, Z.F. Ren, T.W. Chou, Advances in the science and technology of carbon
nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61(13), 1899–1912 (2001)
69. B.I. Yakobson, C.J. Brabec, J. Bernholc, Nanomechanics of carbon tubes: Instabilities beyond
linear response. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76(14), 2511–2514 (1996)
70. W. Liu, L.M. Jawerth, E.A. Sparks, M.R. Falvo, R.R. Hantgan, R. Superfine, S.T. Lord, M.
Guthold, Fibrin fibers have extraordinary extensibility and elasticity. Science 313(5787), 634
(2006)
71. Z.C. Tu, Z.C. Ou-Yang, Dimensional crossover of dilute neon inside infinitely long singlewalled carbon nanotubes viewed from specific heats. Phys. Rev. B 68, 153403 (2003)
72. A. Bai, F. Seiji, Y. Kiyoshi, Y. Masamichi, Surface superstructure of carbon nanotubes on
highly oriented pyrolytic graphite annealed at elevated temperatures. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
37(6B), 3809–3811 (1998)
73. P. Nikolaev, A. Thess, A.G. Rinzler, D.T. Colbert, R.E. Smalley, Diameter doubling of singlewall nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 266(5–6), 422–426 (1997)